Chapter VI – Analysis
6.4. Policy implications
Based on the previous accounts we would like to outline a few policies that could improve the private security sector in Italy.
Policy n.1
Given the grim details related to murders carried out by G.P.G., a first policy would regard the need to strip G.P.G. of the weapons and ammunitions once off service or unemployed. The fact that any private citizens within a few weeks’ time and without the need to fulfill discouraging requirements, could be able to privately hold a maximum of 3 guns, 6 sport weapons, an unlimited number of rifles, as well as hundreds of ammunitions is outrageous to put it mildly60 (Iene 2014). In the face of this situation, an all-encompassing policy would first impose stricter requirements to hold a shooting license, hitting the problem at its core. Then, the number of weapons that one can buy should be limited, lowering the chances to easily have access to a weapon and carry out crimes. Finally, it should be compulsory for any PSI to request the weapon back once a G.P.G. ends his/her shift, eliminating the risk to carry out
68
family or passional murders as it happened. Although extremely simplistic, and eventually affecting the provision of a shooting license even to other private citizens, these guidelines may be a possible resolution and a way to improve the figure of private guards making them look less like a poorly trained armed private citizen (Garaffoni 2018).
Policy n.2
The establishment of an independent body composed by politically impartial experts in the field, academics and members of the civil society should evaluate if the needs to ‘privatize’ are necessary and important as claimed by the public body, while helping in spreading awareness among the public at large. This would contrast the negative perspective about the figure of the private guard and private security at large (C.Biffani May 2018, personal interview) (P.Orizio May 2018, personal interview), often poorly considered elements in the eyes of many. This body could then oversee the production of contracts and monitor compliance with them, improving transparency and impartiality in the privatization process. Moreover, it could control the full respect of policy goals previously established by the State, a set of procedures that have sometimes been left aside or disregarded (Anticorruzione). This could guarantee a more impartial, reliable and solid market, above all in the light of the infiltration in the market by the organized crime and the thefts perpetrated by PSCs61.
Policy n.3
A third policy would focus on the general improvement of the legislation regarding private security and on the implementation of strong controls regarding the compliance to the normative requirements, which are often disregarded by PSC62. Indeed, the regulation in the field has been deemed insufficient by several actors (Paolo Calvo 2009) (Button 2007) (ICSA 2017, 1:02:00-1:15:00, 3:08:30) (C.Biffani 2018, personal interview) (L.Gabriele 2018,
61 Information retrievable at: https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/05/15/mafia-commissariati-200-
supermercati-lidl-e-sorveglianti-del-tribunale-15-arresti-agevolavano-il-clan-laudani/3586260/ ,
http://espresso.repubblica.it/plus/articoli/2014/07/24/news/c-e-un-buco-nel-caveau-il-grande- scandalo-della-vigilanza-privata-1.174334
62 In a document produced by the Minister of the Interior in 2014, it was underlined how only 393 out of 1367 PSCs are abiding by the new regulation issued on the same year which regards holding UNI/ISO certification.
Information retrievable at: www.poliziadistato.it/statics/24/elenco-istituti-certificati.pdf
Further information retrievable at: https://www.securindex.com/news/leggi/1980/sicurezza-
69
personal interview). The changes should primarily focus on two points. Firstly, the general licensing of G.P.G. by the Prefect, which should require higher formation prerequisites, as is already happening for the PCASP on board of Italian vessels 63. Secondly, the highly scattered body of laws that makes up the whole regulation and that has been subject to several changes in the past decade - which clearly reflects the general need for improvement - should at this point be reformed in a unique regulation that solely focuses on private security, allowing a better understanding of duties and core rules.
Policy n.4
To conclude, although it could be considered a minor detail, the industry representation should be reorganized in a fewer associations, in order to gather unique and more reliable data, be more aware of the sector’s importance, and represent the industry in an ordered and compact way. For instance, a clear division of the industry representation could allow the production of a set of best practices to help business’ owners to keep up with the regulation, as it is not happening now, as just explained (see footnote 63). Further, with the production of precise and unique data about the sector, business owners could spot segments of the market where less PSCs are present, trying to exploit these gaps. In addition, a tight industry representation would be able to be of better help in times of need, as it is currently happening, since a big part of private security does not have a national contract that establishes normative and wage conditions (Garaffoni 2018).
By applying these policies, and eventually by drawing upon the experience of other countries, the Italian policymakers and the industry representatives could easily improve the condition of the sector, enhancing the chances for the State to rely on a reliable partner in the security of the country.
63 It is hard to get the reason why after years from its implementation, the requirements for armed guards on
board of Italian vessels have not been applied to the guards on the ground. Indeed, the PCAPS higher requirements (having served in the armed forces for a minimum number of years) would raise the bar to enter the private security sector on ground, and eventually contribute in the buildup of a qualitatively better sector, countering the loose approach that has been in place since the XIX century.
70 6.5. Conclusion
Analyzing the domestic evolution of private security has proven to be an interesting challenge. The limitations of this study mainly stem from the lack of clarity and availability regarding the sources on the topic, although the final analysis can be considered a reasonable effort in trying to understand a field that has received little if not no attention at all.
Thus, there is still much to be studied regarding the sector. Firstly, based on the study conducted by Ecorys (2015), it would be interesting to assess the perception of private security services by Italian institutions. Indeed, the report considered the private services as lowly regarded by Italian institutions (2015, 69-71), although no other information about it was given. In order to proceed down this path, there would be the need to have direct contact with Italian institutions and eventually with some companies, although it has been very hard to get in touch with both of them. A second study, strictly related to the first one, could focus on archival research to assess the historical use of PSIs by the Italian state. Since very little information has been found online, a study based on archival research could be able to highlight details and tendencies about the relationship between public and private sector in the provision of security, shedding light on a practice (privatize security) which seems completely inexistent, by proving or rejecting it. A last study to be conducted on-field could focus on the relationship between private armed guards (G.P.G.) and public security forces, and the consideration that they have of each other, in order to better assess to which degree the two are collaborating or not, and on which terms are they doing it. Indeed, since this sector could be further evolving in the next years, on the base of the recent regulative changes, it would be better for both actors to know how to interact with each other. In fact, opening to private security and getting rid of a closed-minded approach to it - “an Italianity that we would like to get rid of” in the words of Leonardo Tricarico (ICSA 2017, 00:10:30) - could prove to be a smart step for a country that has often arrived late in moving forward.
71
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