Coordinating Committee
5. Port facilities.
6 . Maintenance capability.
X . F u n c t i o n of ship
The type of the ship differ according to the function of
the ship for which she is built. Merchant ships which
consist of! general cargo ships, tankers, bulk cargo
shi p s ,specialised ships such as lumber carriers,car car
riers, heavy cargo carrires, refrigerated ships, chemical
carriers and passenger ships which consist of liners
cruisers, ferries, hydrofoils and hovercraft.
General cargo ships can be divided into conventional break bulk carriers, container ships and barge carrier
f.Lash) .
Another type is the utility ship, which is known work
ships, such as tug, salvage craft, dredger ships, fire fighters, pilot vessels, navigational aids supply ships,- patrol/rescue cutters, research/survey ships, cadet trai ning ships, etc.
Fishing ships are another type of ship with special con
struction. This kind of ship include; trawlers, pursei-
ners, drifter long liners, rod fishers and lancers. The ship which is only used to carry special products
(*) . Ship Design, lecturer by Professor K.NOMOTO - WML).
from the factory can be called industrial carriers. Some
time the product from those factories need special cons
truction, in order to obtain the efficientcy of the load ing capacity.
The pleasure is another type with special construction,
such as sailing yachts, cruisers, off shore-racers,
racing craft, motor yachts, motor cruisers,motor sailers, motor boats, sailing dinghies and row boats.
War—ships consist of heavy surface type vessel such as, air—craft carriers, cruisers, ligh surface type vessels such as, destroyers, frigates, highspeed type vessels such as, submarines, killer submarines, mine—sweepers and
landingcraft.
. jp. A'Jncfs o f Ctargo to be oarrfed
The kinds of cargo to be carried is one of the factors to determine the type of ships to be used, especially regard ing inward and outward cargo, domestic or foreign trades of the nation.
The construction of the hatches and bridges and cargo
handling equipment on board is determined by the type and volume of the commodity to be carried.
As far as the volumes and the types of cargo are concer
ned, these are obviously predicated by numerous internal
and external factors. However, the reason why such car
goes pass through the ports which is also necessary to identify, is because this will in turn have the impact of various influences on the volume and the type of the com modities as these in turn will porovide the basic reasons and factors of the sea transportation activities.
Insofar as this item is concerned, it will, -as stated
above be in part predicated by volumes and types of car goes. There are, of course, other major influencing fac tors such as the origins and destinations of the cargoes,
the pattern of trade and the structure of the trade rou
tes themselves.
/?aat-£> of the ship
The route of the ship is also one of the factors to deter mine the type and equipment of the ship. Long distance route ships usually have much more equipment and facili
ties on board of the ship than short distance service
ones. Particularly when the ship also carries passengers, the provisions, fresh water, life saving applicances,e t c , should be well prepared on board of the ship.
Both for the ocean going and domestic shipping services, the requirements of the International Conventions regard
ing the fitness, sea worthiness and safety of life at sea should be complied as well.
3,i.4. Sea state
The waters situation has always been influenced and de
termined by some factors such as climatet temperature and
wind force/direction),ocean currents,tidal range and
currents, eventhough all of these factors are interrela
ted with each other.
These environmental situation is also one of the conside
rations in determining the type of ship which could be
used in a certain region.
Accurate information of wind force, ocean currents and
type of ships could be fit to carry out sea transporta-
• tion in Indonesian waters,particularly to link all those
small islands,which have relatively short routes locally
or regionally and can accomodate shallow draft of ports,
then we have to study the waters situations in general
such as s
a. Climate
b. Ocean currents
c. Tide and tidal range d. Waves e.Water depth.
•a. Climate
The principle determinants of climate in Indonesia are
its tropical location straddling the equator,and the sea
sonal wind and precipitation patterns associated with
moonsonal circulation.
Indonesian waters are located between the landmasses of
Asia and Australia and are the ideal monsoonal region.
The north monsoonal is most fully developed in January
and February as the atmostpheric high over Asia is formed and the equatorial trogh is just north of Australia.
Over the South China and Andaman Seas strong northeaster
ly winds sometimes exceed a wind force of 5 C2A miles
per hour or 39 kilometers per hour ') in the South China.
Just south of the equator the prevailing winds are nor
thwesterly rather than easterly, and southwesterly winds
prevail farther south, over the area between Java and
Australia.
The south monsoon is most fully developed dueing July and
August. In the summer season of thenorthern hemisphere
there is low pressure system over Indonesia and a high
pressure system over Australia,which is experiencing win ter . Indonesian waters lie between the two,and wind forces
over the open sea may reach a wind-force of 4( 13 Mph or 20-29 KmH but generally less over the Indonesian archipe
lagos .
In April ,May and September through November, conditions
shift from the north to the south monsoon and the south
to north monsoon,respectively.
Winds are generally weaker and less constant in direc
tion, but duringJune they may reach a wind-force of A
over the Arafuru Sea, and northeasterly winds over the
south China Sea in November occasionally exceed a wind-
force of A< four).
b. Oce^n currents
The prevailing monsoon winds in Indonesian waters
drive the ocean currents, and strong circulation pattren
are favoured by the orientation of the principle seas.
The South China Sea with its general northeast-southwest
orientation, has a circulation pattern "with its axes
exactly in the main wind direction of both monsoons.Like wise the circulation patternof waters between Sumatra and
borneo(Kalimantan) is in the north-south direction, the
same direction as the north and south monsoon winds.
The Banda, Flores and Java Sea are oriented predomi
nantly east-west, as are the monsoonal winds. In other
parts of Indonesia the influence of the steady monsoon
winds creates less apparent shapes of the ocean basins,
so the ciroulation of the waters is more irregular.
In some cases the Indonesian Sea are freely connected
with the Pacific Ocean, and circulation-patterns are
affected accordingly. Herewith attached the figure which is taken from the Marine Geography of South East Asia,
(see Annexes).
Despite the relatively strong currents, their flushing action pollutants tends to be weak due to their reversing
directions, but the reversing system of the ocean cur
rents can generate shallowness to the coast and harbour,
particularly for the estuaries and port areas which are
located near the mouth of the rivers.
On the other hand, along the east coast of Sumatra, in
northern Java, in western Sulawesi, and almost along the
entire Borneo coast where the rivers enter the sea, a
delta is formed, and shallow off shore waters are turbit.
c. Tides
Tide and tidal currents are important to navigation.
That is why this factor should also be taken into consi
deration when designing and building the ships for a cer^ tain area.
Indonesian tide are characterized by low to moderate
tidal ranges and a variety of tidal types: semidiurnal,
diuenal and mixed. They are influenced by condition in
the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with the characteristic
semidiurnal tide of the Indian Ocean prevailing in the
Andaman Sea and the Strait of Malacca and mixed tides of
the Pacific occuring in the eastern Indonesian and Phi^
lippines waters.
In the South China Sea and Java Seas,mixed tides prevail. In this region the tidal range exceeds A .6 meters (15 ft.j but most is lees than 3 meters ( 10 feet).
Tidal currents reach considerable strength in some of the narrower passages between islands, despite the generally low tidal range. During spring tides, currents reach 5 to h knots in some of the passages in the Sunda area.
In other passages tidal currents usually do not exceed 3
knots, but even so this can be troublesome to shipping.
d. Ma ves
In general, wave heights are not troblesome in the rela
tively sheltered watres of the Indonesia.
In the South China Sea, however, the strong monsoon winds couse high waves, and typhons that cross the nothern part
of the sea can couse mountainous seas. Eastward facing-
coasts are subject to high surf during periods of nor
therly and easterly winds that prevail during the norht
monsoon season affecting the patterns of local shipping
activities.
Coastal waves heights are likewie high during southerly
to westerly winds on- the Indian Ocean coasts of Sumatra,- Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa.
e. {\fater depth
The depth of the waters is another factor which should be
taken into consideration when designing and building of
the s h i p s ,particularly in a certain area.
As we know that Indonesian waters are mostly shallow. Indonesian ports can be devided into two types, which are very different in depth.
Some ports are what is called natural ports, which means
that the ports are located in a certain place, which is
very conveniently located on the bank of the coral reef
and therefore sheltered.
The natural ports have automatically a deep depth and do
not need dredging to be maintained, while most of the
other ports are located in the estuaries with shallow
waters, which always need dredging to maintain the depth
of the port's basin along the quays or jetties.
This type of port cannot accomodate vessels which exceed
more than three meters draft. The hinterlands of these
ports produce a lot of commodities such as farm crops,ri
ce, coconut, tea, coffee, chocolate and spices, which
need transporttaion to carry their to places or islands.
3.i.5. Port condition/ situation
Port condition or port situation is yet one of the most
important factor in designing the ship,which will utili
zed in the certain area or particular route.
In order to get clear picture of the ports conditions and
situation according to the depth of anchorage, port's
channel and berthing, here under we prepare some datas of
the some of Indonesian ports, which is taken from the
Indonesia Pilot Volumes : I, II, III, Published by GPD
HALL, rear Admiral Hydrographer of' the Navy; England,as
follows:(see next pages).