PRACTICAL EPLANATIONS

THE *i+s s! #* h! i-!-i-0 !+*#+%!+ /ill ! h! s!l!)i#- #* h! !**!)s # ! i-)l3! i- his +#0+&%%!5 h! s#+' !i-0 3+#s!l' s# &++&-0! &s # &ll#/ #* h! #%issi#- #* &l%#s &-'

0i(!- i!% /ih#3 +!23i)! # h! %&i- l#. I- &-' )&s!, h! -&++&i(! sh#3l ! s# *&+

sh#+!-! &s # #))3' -# %#+! h&- &- h#3+ i- !li(!+'. S&% W!ll!+<s )!l!+&! i)3% &s #

"h! 0+!& &+ #* l!!+1/+ii-0," # %&$! !#l! "/ish h!+! /&s %#+! #* i," &li!s /ih !(!-0+!&!+ *#+)! # )#-23+i-0.

R#30hl' s!&$i-0, &#3 h&l* h! i!%s /ill ! *#3- & s3**i)i!- -3%!+ *#+ & si-0l!

!+*#+%&-)!. I- %&$i-0 h! s!l!)i#-, h! !!+ l&- /ill ! # !)i! i- h! *i+s l&)! /h& is #

! #%i!. S#%! +i)$s %&' +#&l' ! +3l! #3 & # -)! ' h! *&) h& h! !+*#+%!+ #!s -#

#ss!ss 6&- #!s -# )&+! # 3+)h&s!7 h! -!)!ss&+' &&+&3s5 &- #h!+s %&' ! !4)l3! ' +!&s#- #* l&)$ #* )#-*i!-)! i- his #/- #/!+s. Th! +i)$s !s)+i! !%&-, *#+ h! %#s &+, (!+' lil! s$ill i- &)3&l sl!i0h #* h&-, &- &+! /ihi- h! )#%&ss #* &-' #-! #* #+i-&+' i-!lli0!-)!, &- h&(i-0 h! 3s3&l )#%l!%!- #* h&-s &- *i-0!+s. O- h! #h!+ h&-, -#

)#-23+i-0 +i)$ )&- ! !**!)i(!l' +!s!-! /ih#3 & +!&s#-&l! &%#3- #* +&)i)!. Th! &)3&l

&%#3- -!)!ss&+' /ill (&+' i- i-(!+s! +&i# # h! !0+!! #* -&3+&l &i3!.

H&(i-0 %&! his s!l!)i#-, h! -!4 s! #* h! -!#h'! sh#3l ! # %!%#+i!, #-! '

#-!, h! &+#+i&! s!)i#-s #* h! s#+'. I is -# -!)!ss&+' h& h! sh#3l ! &l! # 0i(! h!

"&!+" verbatim" &s s! #/-5 3, 3-l!ss h! h&s ' -&3+! "h! 0i* #* h! 0&," h! %#+! )l#s!l' h! si)$s # & +!1&++&-0! !4, h! !!+ /ill i ! *#+ his #/- )#%*#+, &- h! )+!i #* his !+*#+%&-)!.

Si%3l&-!#3sl' /ih h! %!%#+ii-0 +#)!ss, h! sh#3l +&)is! h! !4!)3i#- #* h!

&+i)3l&+ +i)$ i-(#l(!. Wh!- h! h&s %&s!+! !&)h i!% si-0l', h! sh#3l h!- +!h!&+s! his i-!-! +#0+&%%! &s & /h#l!, %&$i-0 his +!li%i-&+' +!&+&i#-s &s )#%l!!, &- 0#i-0

h+#30h !(!+' &) &s %i-3!l', &s h! /#3l *#+ h! &)3&l "sh#/."

1. Th M!"#$!% P'()$*#'+ ' ! F%' #+ *h B)**'+h'%.^

This is &- #l +i)$, 3 #* l&! '!&+s h&s !!- s# lil! !4hii! i- 3li) h& i /ill ! #

%#s &3i!-)!s & )#%l!! -#(!l'. A&+ *+#% h! !**!) !i-0 i- is!l* & +!' #-!, i h&s h!

i-)i!-&l +!)#%%!-&i#- #* )&lli-0 &!-i#-, i- & -&3+&l &- s+i$i-0 /&', # h! +!!-!

(i+3!s #* h! %&0i) /&-.

sh#3l ! s# +!03l&! h& i sh&ll h#l h! *l#/!+ &3 &0&i-s h! 3#-h#l!, h#30h /ih#3

s3**i)i!- s+&i- # is&++&-0! h! s! #* h! )#&1l&!l.

Wh!- h! !+*#+%!+ !si+!s # sh#/ h! +i)$, h! +&/s h! *l#/!+, 23s !*#+! %&$i-0 his

&!&+&-)!, & *!/ i-)h!s &/&' *+#% h! 3#-h#l!, &- 3)$s i 3-!+ h! l!* &+%i, +!&i-i-0 i

h!+! ' h! +!ss3+! #* h! &+%. H! &(&-)!s, h#li-0 his /&- i- h! +i0h h&-. T# +#3)! h!

*l#/!+, h! +#-#3-)!s h! /#+s, "O-!1T/#1Th+!!" &))#%&-'i-0 !&)h /#+ /ih & 83i)$

/&(! #* h! /&-. A h! /#+ "O-!" h! +i-0s i s%&+l' #/- &)+#ss h! 3#-h#l!. A h!

/#+ "T/#" h! 0i(!s i &- #3/&+ &- 3/&+ s/i-0 # h! +i0h, &- & "Th+!!" &0&i- +i-0s i &)+#ss h! 3#-1h#l!, & h! s&%! %#%!- !l!(&i-0 h! l!* &+%. Th! *l#/!+, !i-0 h!+!'

!&, h+!&! #- # h! l##, /ill ! *#3- & %&!+i&l &ssis&-)! i- 0!i-0 h#l #* i & h! +i0h

%#%!-. A sill !!+ l&- is # %&$! h! l## #* (!+' hi- l&)$ !l&si), )#-i-3! &s si-0l! )#+

*#+ &#3 h+!! i-)h!s, &- h!- 2#i-! # h! h+!&.

U#- h! /h#l!, h! %!h# *i+s !s)+i! /ill +#&l' ! *#3- h! !&si!+ ' h!

-#(i)!. C#-i-!-&l )#-23+!+s, ' h! /&', s#%!i%!s s3si3! & h+!&, /#3- #- & /&)h1 &++!l, *#+ h! !l&si)5 3 I )&--# s!! h& &-'hi-0 is 0&i-! ' h! &l!+&i#-.

/. Th S%)2+(#+" W!+(.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Th! 83&lii!s #* h! i!&l /&- *#+ his +i)$ &+! s#%!/h& &+&#4i)&l. I sh#3l ! #h & li0h

&- & &+$ #-!. I- #i- #* /!i0h, i sh#3l ! li0h. I %'s!l*, *#+ his &+i)3l&+ 3s!, h&(! & /&-

%&! h#ll#/ *+#% !- # !-, h!+!' s!)3+i-0 h! !si+! li0h-!ss /ih#3 &-' &l!+&i#- #*

&!&+&-)!. I- #i- #* )#l#3+, i is, !si+&l! h& h! /&- sh#3l ! l&)$, *#+ & +!&s#- h& /ill +!s!-l' &!&+. E#-' sh#3l h#/!(!+ ! &(#i!, &s !i-0 3-3l' h!&('. Th! %#3- & !&)h

!- sh#3l ! #* i(#+', &- i /ill ! *#3- &- &(&-&0! # h&(! & s)&+)!l' !+)!il! 0+##(!, -# !!!+ #+ /i!+ h&- h! hi)$-!ss #* & *i-0!+1-&il, )3 & h! #i-s /h!+! h! %#3-s %!!

h! #' #* h! /&-.

Th! &#(! &+!, h#/!(!+, ")#3-s!ls #* !+*!)i#-." I is #ssil! # !+*#+% h! +i)$ /ih

&l%#s &-' /&-, &- i- !*&3l #* h! +!03l&+ &+i)l!, & sh#+ i!)! #* +&&-" #+ /h&-0!!"

)&-!, #+ &-' )&-! /ih 2#i-s & sh#+ i-!+(&ls, /ill %&$! & (!+' 0## s3si3!.

Th! /#+$i-0 #+i#- #* h! &&+&3s is #- h! !+s#- #* h! !+*#+%!+. I )#-siss #* &

)'l+i)&l +&ss #+ l!&!- /!i0h, &#3 /# )h!s l!-0h &- h+!!183&+!+s #* &- )h

i-i&%!!+. Th! !-s &+! +#3-!, &- i- #-! #* h!% & s)+!/1!'! is i-s!+!. This /!i0h is s3s!-! /ihi- h! +i0h +#3s!+1l!0, i- %&--!+ *#ll#/i-0. A -!!l! is h+!&! /ih & i!)! #*

*i-! 3 s+#-0 l&)$ sil$ h+!&, &#3 *#3+ *!! #+ *#3+ *!! si4 i- l!-0h. Th! -!!l! is

h!-h+3s h+#30h h! !+*#+%!+<s (!s *+#% h! i-si!, &#3 l!(!l 6&ss3%i-0 h! (!s # ! #* h!

Th! +!&!+ /ill -#/ &+!)i&! h! +!&s#- *#+ +!*!++i-0 & l&)$ /&-. A0&i-s &-' &+

#* s3)h & /&-, h! h+!& is &s#l3!l' i-(isil!, !(!- & )l#s! 83&+!+s. I* & /&- #* li0h )#l#3+

+!ss3+! i- ##si! i+!)i#-s &**#+i-0 23s s3**i)i!- 0+i # s3#+ i. H!l i- his %&--!+, i

%&' ! h&-! # #-! !+s#- &*!+ &-#h!+ i- h! &3i!-)! & h! )l#s!s 83&+!+s. As i- his )&s!

h!+! is %&-i*!sl' -# s3#+i-0 %!i3% s&(! h! h&- is!l*, h! &(!+&0! s!)&#+ &))!s i &s

&- &+i)l! #* *&ih h& h! s&%! /&s h! )&s! i- h! !&+li!+ s&0!s #* h! +i)$, i- /hi)h )&s!

%&0i)" is h! #-l' *!&sil! !4l&-&i#-.

3. Th C'#+ %*( #+ *h C!+(%.

Figure 6 Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

This is & +i)$ #* 3+! sl!i0h #* h&-, &-, /!ll /#+$!, is +illi&-l' !**!)i(!. I* h! +!&!+ is -# )#-*i!- #* #i-0 i 23si)!, I /#3l +!)#%%!- hi% # #%i i *+#% his +#0+&%%!, *#+ i is

## 0## # ! s#il ' )l3%s' !4!)3i#-. I #!s -#, h#/!(!+, #**!+ &-' i**i)3l' s&(! s3)h &s

& *&i+l' &+#i !+s#- )&- )#-83!+ /ih & lil! !+s!(!+&-)!.

Th! *i+s s! /ill ! *#+ h! #!+&#+ # %&$! hi%s!l* !4!+ i- & lil! sl!i0h $-#/- #

)#-23+!+s &s h! "*i-0!+ &l%." T# &)83i+! i, &$! & h&l*1)+#/- i- h! +i0h h&-, h!l &l%

3/&+s, &s sh#/- i- Fi0. >, h! )#i- l'i-0 3#- h! s!)#- 2#i- #* h! %il! *i-0!+. M&$! h!

%#(!%!- #* l&)i-0 h! )#i- i- h! l!* h&-, 3 si%3l&-!#3sl' /ih h! 3+-i-0 #(!+ #* h!

+i0h h&-, s!&+&! h! *#+!*i-0!+ #* h& h&- & lil! *+#% h! +!s, &- +i-0 i #(!+ h! !0! #*

h! )#i-, ili-0 h! l&!+ i-# &- !+!) #sii#- !/!!- h! *i+s &- s!)#- *i-0!+s, &s i- Fi0. @.

Th! -#(i)! is +!)#%%!-! # +&)is! his )lii-0 +#)!ss *i+s /ih h! h&- & +!s.

Wh!-#-)! i h&s !)#%! *&%ili&+ i- his sh&!, h! /ill *i- -# 0+!&!+ i**i)3l' i- !4!)3i-0 i /ih

h! h&- i- %#i#-.

Th! +!83i+!%!-s *#+ h! +i)$ )#-sis #* & )&-l!1si)$ &- li0h! )&-l!, &- & lil! &ll

#* *#il, )+3sh! +!' )l#s!l' #0!h!+, s# &s # %!&s3+! &#3 *i(!1!i0hhs #* &- )h

i-i&%!!+. This is i%&l! #- h! #i- #* & l&)$ i-, h+3s h+#30h h! !+*#+%!+<s (!s 6*+#%

h! #3si!7 #- h! l!*, -!&+ h! )!-+!, i- s3)h %&--!+ h& h! )#i-, h3s s3s!-! #- h! i-, sh&ll ! 23s )#(!+! ' h! l#/!+ !0! #* h! (!s.

H&(i-0 #++#/! h! -!!*3l h&l*1)+#/-, h! !+*#+%!+ +#)!!s # "%!s%!+is!" i. T#

# his, h! &$!s i, i- h! %&--!+ !s)+i! *#+ h! *i-0!+ &l%, #- h! *i-0!+s #* h! +i0h h&-,

&- h!-)! +&-s*!+s i 6i- his )&s! h!+! !i-0 +!&ll' "-# !)!i#-"7 # & si%il&+ #sii#- #- h!

*i-0!+s #* h! l!*. H! h!- +3s i 0!-l' /ih h! *i-0!+s #* h! +i0h h&-5 i)$s i 3 /ih h!

+i0h s!)#- *i-0!+ &- h3%, &- h#ls i #(!+ h! )&-l!1*l&%!. T# sh#/ h& i is !)#%i-0 s#*, h! &$!s i (!+i)&ll' !/!!- h! /# h&-s, *0!+s *+#- &- h3%s !h, &s sh#/- i-Fi0. . H! h!- +i-0s h! $-3)$l!s #/&+s !&)h #h!+ ill, h!' &ll 3 %!!, +!!&i-0 his h+!!

#+ *#3+ i%!s. B' & )3+i#3s #i)&l ill3si#-, h! )#i- &!&+s # !- /ih h! %#(!%!- #* h!

*i-0!+s.

A his #i- h! !+*#+%!+ !4hiis h! )#i- #-)! %#+! # h! #/-!+, h& i %&' !

i!-i*i! ' h! %&+$ #- i. Wh!- h! +#*!ss!s # %!s%!+is!" i *#+ h! s!)#- i%!, h! &$!s i

i- h! +i0h h&- &-, #s!-sil', !1#sis i &s !*#+! #- h! *i-0!+s #* h! l!*. B3 #- his

#))&si#- h! %&$!s 3s! #* h! *i-0!+ &l%, &- s# +!&i-s h! )#i- !/!!- h! *i+s &- s!)#-

*i-0!+s #* h! +i0h h&-, /hil! /ih h! is #* h! s&%! *i-0!+s h! %&$!s h! +3i-0 %#i#- &s !*#+! #- h#s! #* h! l!* h&- 6/h!+!#- h! )#i- is +#*!ss!l' l'i-07. A*!+ & %#%!- #+ /# #*

his, h! )l#s!s h! *i-0!+s #* h! l!* h&- &0&i-s h! h3%, &s i* h#li-0 h! )#i- !/!!- h!%,

&- /ih h! +i0h h&- i)$s 3 h! )&-l!si)$, h#li-0 i !/!!- *i-0!+ &- h3% &s i- Fi0.

, h! )#i-, )#-)!&l! &s &#(! i- h! h&-, *#+%i-0 -# #s&)l! # his #i-0 s#.^ Th! )#i-,

3-!+ h!s! )#-ii#-s, is )#%l!!l' %&s$! ' h! h3%, &- h! )&-l!si)$ )&- ! +#30h

83i! )l#s! # h! s!)&#+s /ih#3 +!(!&li-0 is +!s!-)!.

H#li-0 h! l!* h&- 23s &#(! h! )&-l!, h! !+*#+%!+ +#)!!s &&+!-l' # +3 h!

)#i- &/&' i-# h! *l&%!, &- # sh#/ h! h&- !%'. A h! %#%!- /h!- h! )&lls &!-i#- #

h! 6i%&0i-&+'7 +i0h s# i- h! *l&%!, h!+!' +&/i-0 &ll !'!s # h! )&-l!, h! /ih h! l!*

h&- s!)3+!s h! *#il &ll *+#% 3-!+ h! (!s, &- +#lls i /ih h! h3% !/!!- h! +##s #* h!

s!)#- &- hi+ *i-0!+s. This #-!, /ih h! h3% &- *i-0!+s #* his s&%! h&- h! %&$!s &

0+& & h! *l&%!, &- 3-!+ )#(!+ #* & +3i-0 %#i#- #* h! *i-0!+s, %#i(! #s!-sil' ' h!

s3#s! h!& #* h! %!&l, 0+&3&ll' /#+$s h! &ll /ih his h3% # h! *i-0!+1is &-

!4hiis i.

Th!-, &$i-0 h! &ll !/!!- h! h3% &- *i-0!+1is #* h! +i0h h&- 6h! h&l*1)+#/- !i-0 sill )#-)!&l! h!+!i-7, h! #**!+s h! &ll # h! #/-!+ #* h! )#i-, /h# -&3+&ll' !)li-!s

# &))! i. I- #+!+, +#*!ss!l', # *l&!- i #3, h! !+*#+%!+ +i-0s h! *i-0!+1is #* #h h&-s #0!h!+, &-, 3-!+ )#(!+ #* h! %#(!%!-, /ih h! h3% +#lls h! *#il &ll 6&ssi-0 below h! )#i-7 !/!!- h! +##s #* h! s!)#- &- hi+ *i-0!+s #* h! +i0h h&-. Th! %#%!-

h! h&s #-! s#, h! +!ss!s h! )#i- 3/&+s /ih h! h3% ill i li!s *l& &0&i-s h! *i-0!+s. H!

#!s -# i%%!i&!l' !4hii i, 3 /#+$s i +#3- &- +#3- *#+ & %#%!- #+ /# !/!!- h!

*i-0!+s, 0+&3&ll' &ll#/i-0 is !0!s # ! s!!-. H&(i-0 +#*!ss!l' *l&!-! i #3, h! +&/s i

&)$ /ih h! +i0h h3% s# &s # +i-0 i 23s #(!+ h! *#il &ll, /hi)h is h!+!' )#-)!&l!, h!

h&- !i-0 &&+!-l' 83i! !%' s&(! *#+ h! )#i-. Th! h&l*1)+#/- is h!- +&-s*!++! # h! l!*

h&-, &- h!-)! h&-! &)$ # h! #/-!+, -#-! h! /#+s! *#+ is s3#s! "!%&!+i&li&i#-."

* Th! )&-l!si)$ sh#3l, i* #ssil!, ! #-! /ih & sl!-!+ s!%. I* #h!+/is!, h! h3% &- *i-0!+s sh#3l 0+&s i

& h! -&++#/!s &+, h! +!s!-)! #* h! )#i- !i-0 h!+!' %#+! !**!)3&ll' )#-)!&l!.

4. Th H!%-$'+ (#'%5( #+ ! G%! ' W!*.

F#+ h! 3+#s! #* his +i)$ h! #-l' s!)i&l &&+&3s -!!! )#-siss #* & )h&%&0-! 3%l!+

&- & is) #* )l!&+ 0l&ss, !4&)l' )#++!s#-i-0 i- si! /ih h! i-!+-&l i&%!!+ #* h! 3%l!+

& ##%. Th! is) %&' +!s ill -!!! i- h! +i0h1h&- (!s1#)$! #* h! !+*#+%!+. I- his l!*

)#&1&il #)$! is l&)! & s%&ll #+&-0!, s!)i&ll' +!&+!. A !! i-)isi#- is %&! i- #-! si!

#* i, &- i- h! #!-i-0 h3s %&! is i-s!+! & *&i+l' #l &- s%##h h&l*1)+#/-, /ih & )+#ss

I*, &s %&' s#%!i%!s h&!-, h! ##% #* h! 0l&ss 6i-si!7 is s# s%&ll &s !4&)l' #

)#++!s#- i- i&%!!+ /ih h& #* & h&l*1)+#/-, h! )#i- &- is) %&' ! sh#/-, h! #-!

3#-h! #3#-h!+ 63#-h! )#i-, #* )#3+s!, *#+!%#s7, &- 3#-h! )#i- /ih+&/- & 3#-h! %#%!- /h!- 3#-h!

h&-$!+)hi!* is +#30h #(!+ h! is).

H&(i-0, ' #-! #+ h! #h!+ #* h! &#(! !(i)!s, 0# h! 0l&ss is) 6+#*!ss!l' h! )#i-7 3-!+ h! h&-$!+)hi!*, h! /i&+ h&-s i # h! h#l!+ #* h! 3%l!+. H! is i-s+3)! # h#l

i 23s #(!+ h! /&!+, h! !+*#+%!+ %!&-/hil! +&i-0 h! )#+-!+s #* h! h&-$!+)hi!* 0+&)!*3ll'

&+#3- h! 0l&ss. Th! is), /h!- +#! i-# h! /&!+, !)#%!s i-(isil!, &- i* h! 3%l!+ is

#-! /ih & +!&s#-&l' *l& ##%, h! /&!+ %&' !(!- ! #3+! &)$ i-# h! )&+&*!, h! is) !i-0 +!&i-!, s3)$!+1*&shi#-, & h! ##% #* h! 0l&ss ' &%#sh!+i) +!ss3+!.

Th! !+*#+%!+ h&(i-0, i- 3! )#3+s!, sh#/- h& h! )#i- is )#%l!!l' iss#l(!, -!4

+#)!!s # 0! i &)$ &0&i-. This is & (!+' s+&i0h*#+/&+ %&!+. A*!+ #3+i-0 & *!/ +#s #*

/&!+ #(!+ h! #+&-0!, h! i-(i!s h! h#l!+ # )3 i #!-. This is #-!, &- & h&l*1)+#/-6+#*!ss!l' the h&l*1)+#/-7 is *#3- !%!! i- i. Th! !+*#+%!+ )&lls &!-i#- # h! %&+$

6#s!-sil' h& %&! ' h! l!-!+ #* h! )#i-, 3 +!&ll' his #/-7. Th! &)3! +!&!+ /ill

#3l!ss h&(! #s!+(! h&, !*#+! &ssi-0 i # h! &)3&l #/-!+, h! /i!s i /ih his #)$!1 h&-$!+)hi!*. I- s# #i-0, h! !4)h&-0!s h! s3si3! *#+ h! &)3&l #++#/! )#i-, /hi)h is

h!-&0&i- 6&- his i%! )#++!)l'7 i!-i*i!.^

Th! +!&s#- *#+ +!*!++i-0 & "/!ll1/#+-" h&l*1)+#/- is /#*#l. Fi+s, !)&3s! &s$i-0 h!

l#&- #* & )#i- #* h& !s)+ii#- s!)3+!s & *&i+l' )l#s! +!s!%l&-)! # h! s3si3! l&)!

!*#+!h&- i- h! #+&-0!5 &- s!)#-l', !)&3s! h! 0l&ss is), *!l h+#30h h! h&-$!+)hi!*,

#!s -# i**!+ *+#% s3)h & )# &s i /#3l # *+#% & -!/ #-!, /ih h! i%+!ssi#- #* h! i! i-sh&+ +!li!*. A +i*l!, +3l'5 3 #- s3)h +i*l!s" !!-s h&l* h! !**!) #* %&0i)&l ill3si#-s.

* As # his #+i#- #* h! +i)$, compare /odern /agic" . ;@.

6. Th I+5*( G%! ' W!*.

This *!& !!-s 3#- & s)i!-i*i) +i-)il!, -&%!l', &%#sh!+i) +!ss3+!. Th! s!)+! li!s i- h!

&li)&i#- # h! %#3h #* h! 3%l!+, & h! +i0h %#%!-, #* & is) #* %i)& !4&)l' )#(!+i-0 i. T# !-s3+! s3))!ss, h! +i% #* h! 3%l!+ sh#3l ! 0+#3- %&h!%&i)&ll' *l&, &- %#is!-!

!*#+! !4hiii-0 h! +i)$.

Th!+! &+! %&-' /&'s #* s# is#si-0 h! %i)& is) h& i sh&ll ! i-s&-l' &(&il&l! &

h! +i0h %#%!-. I /ill ! & 3s!*3l !4!+)is! *#+ h! &%&!3+ # !(is! s#%! s&is*&)#+' l&- *#+

hi%s!l*. A 0## !-#30h #-!, *#+ h! +!s!- 3+#s!, is # l&)! i i- & /&)h1#)$! #- h! l!*

si! #* h! (!s, *&i+l' hi0h 3, &- )#(!+! ' h! )#&, /ih &#3 #-!1hi+ #* is i&%!!+

+#2!)i-0 &#(! h! #)$!. Th! is) s# l&)! )&- +!&il' ! 0# i-# h! +i0h h&-, &-

&l%!, & *!/ %#%!-s !*#+! i is !si+! # +i-0 i #(!+ h! 0l&ss. Th! !s /&' #* #i-0 his is # )#(!+ h! 0l&ss /ih h! h&- /hi)h )#-&i-s h! is), +i-0i-0 h! l&!+ !4&)l' #(!+ h!

%#3h5 &*!+ /hi)h h! 0l&ss %&' ! i-(!+!, &- h! h&- +!%#(!.

Wh!- i is !si+! &0&i- # +!%#(! h! %i)& )#(!+, h! h&- sh#3l ! l&)! 3-!+ h!

i-(!+! 0l&ss, &- h! l&!+ +!s#+! # is -&3+&l #sii#-. Th! is) %&' h!- ! +&/- #** /ih

& si!l#-0 %#(!%!-, !*#+! i-(ii-0 s#%! #-! !ls! # +' his s$ill.

Th! *3ll!+ h! 0l&ss is, h! %#+! )!+&i- /ill ! h! +!s3l. I* h! 0l&ss h&s & 0## !0!, i

%&' !(!- ! /&(! &#3, %#3h #/-/&+s, /ih#3 h! s%&ll!s *!&+ #* & )&&s+#h!.

7. P'()$#+" S* ' ! P'$8*-h!+(8$h#.

Figure 11

Figure 12

F#+ h! +#3)i#- #* his +!' !**!), h! !+*#+%!+ %3s +#(i! hi%s!l* /ih & lil! /hi!

%3sli- &0, #* h! *#+% sh#/- i- Fi0s. ;; &- ;?5 h! #-! +!+!s!-i-0 h! &0 #!- &- !%',

h! #h!+ "l#&!," &- )l#s! *#+ 3s!. Th! "&0" is, i- +3h, /# &0s, )#-i)&l i- sh&!, s!/- &)$ # &)$, &- !&)h )&&l! #* !i-0 )l#s! & l!&s3+! ' *#li-0 &)$ & +i&-03l&+ *l&

6!83&l i- l!-0h # h& #* h! &0 is!l*7, &- s!)3+i-0 i ' hi)hi-0 & +i-0, &&)h! # is #3!+

&-0l!, #(!+ & lil! h##$ s!/- # h! &0 -!&+ is &!4. A s#%!/h& l&+0!+ h##$, 23s &#(!, s!+(!s # s3s!- h! &0, %#3h #/-/&+s, !hi- &-' )#-(!-i!- #2!). I* h! &0 ! i)$!

3 ' is !4+!%! #i-, &- s3)h #i- h!- i-)li-! & lil! # h! #-! si! #+ h! #h!+, h! #i-

#* h! l#/!+ h##$ #- h& si! is -&3+&ll' !+!ss!. Th! +i-0 slis #** i5 h! %#3h #* h! &0

#- h& si! #!-s, &- h! )#-!-s *&ll #3.

F#+ h! 3+#s! #* h! +!s!- +i)$, #-! si! #* h! #3l! &0 is *ill! /ih #-#-s 6s&', 3+- &l%#-s #+ )h#)#l&! )+!&%s, /ih & *!/ s/!!s #* s%&ll!+ si!7, &- i- h! #h!+ is l&)! & s%&ll +&/ #-i#-. Th! &0, h3s "l#&!," is )#-)!&l! !hi- h! "+&/!+1#4" 6/hi)h

is l&)! 3#- h! &l! i- +!&i-!ss *#+ & l&!+ +i)$7, /ih h! 3!+ h##$ +!si-0 #- is hi-!+

!0!. A l&! sh#3l ! !si! i #- h! &l!.^

T# sh#/ h! +i)$, h! #!+&#+ h+#/s h! #++#/! h&-$!+)hi!* #(!+ h! +&/!+1#4,

&#3 #-!1hi+ #* i h&-0i-0 #/- !hi- h! #4, /hil! h! sh#/s h& h! l&! is %!+!l' &

l&!, &- h&s -#hi-0 i- i. Th!s! *&)s &+! s!l*1!(i!-, 3 h! )&lli-0 &!-i#- # h!% s!+(!s

&s &- !4)3s! *#+ h! %#%!-&+' l&'0 #/- #* h! h&-$!+)hi!*. I h&s & s!)#-&+' %#i(!,

i-h! *&) h& &- &3i!-)! /hi)h h&s !!- +!!&!l' i-(i! # !4&%i-! #2!)s &s # /hi)h i-h!+!

is -#hi-0 /h&!(!+ # *i- #3, 0+&3&ll' !0i-s # &$! i *#+ 0+&-! h& &ll h! !+*#+%!+<s !l#-0i-0s &+! #* h! s&%! i--#)!- )h&+&)!+, &- is h! l!ss is#s! # i-)#-(!-i!- )3+i#si'

#- #))&si#-s /h!- h! /#3l +&h!+ &(#i )l#s! i-s!)i#-.

H&(i-0 !4hii! h! l&!, h! )#-23+!+ s!s &)$ # his &l!, &- i)$s 3 h!

h&-$!+)hi!* ' is )!-+&l #+i#-, &ll#/i-0 h! *#3+ )#+-!+s # h&-0 #/-. As & %&!+ #* *&), h! &$!s )&+! # -i i 23s & h! #i- /h!+! h! h&-$!+)hi!* )#%!s #(!+ h! h##$, s# &s # +i-0

&/&' h! #3l! &0 /ihi- i. Wh!- h! !si+!s # %&-i*!s h! s/!!1+#3)i-0 83&li' #* h!

P+i-)!ss<s +!&h, h! h&s #-l' # il h! h##$ #- h! +#!+ si! & lil!5 /h!+!3#- h! &0 #!-s,

&- & sh#/!+ #* #-#-s *&lls #3 #- h! l&!. B' !-i-0 h! &!4 #* h! &0, sill /ihi- h!

h&-$!+)hi!*, i- h! )#-+&+' i+!)i#-, h! #h!+ si! is #!-!, &- h! #-i#- %&$!s is

&!&+&-)!.

* I* h! +&/!+1#4 6#+ s#%! si%il&+ i!)! #* &&+&3s7 is -# &(&il&l!, h! &%&!3+ %&' s3si3! *#+ i, *#+ h!

&#(! 3+#s!, & il! #* /# #+ h+!! ##$s, l&i #-! 3#- &-#h!+. This *#+%s & (!+' )#-(!-i!- s)+!!- *#+ s%&ll

#2!)s, i-&s%3)h &s i %&' ! &23s! # &-' h!i0h %#s s3i&l!.

Whil! h! &!-i#- #* h! )#%&-' is &+&)! # his l&s h!-#%!-#-, i is &- !&s'

%&!+ *#+ h! #!+&#+ # s%300l! &/&' h! !ll1&l! &0.

. Th B'8+ F!+ *'(.

Figure 13 Figure 14

This )3+i#3s !**!) 6/hi)h is !4+!%!l' %&+(!ll#3s # h! 3-i-ii&!7 is & (!+' si%l! %&!+, s#

*&+ &s h! !+*#+%!+ is )#-)!+-!. I is +#3)! ' & !)3li&+i' 6&l%#s i%#ssil! # !4l& i-/+ii-07 i- h! )#-s+3)i#- #* h! *&-. Th! &!s ' /hi)h i is h!l #0!h!+ &+! s# &++&-0! h&, i* i is #!-! #-! /&' 6s&', *+#% l!* # +i0h7, i *&lls &&+, &s i- Fi0. I. I* #!-! i- h!

##si! i+!)i#-, *+#% +i0h # l!*, i *#+%s & )#%l!! *&-, &s i- Fi0. ;=, &- %&' ! 3s!

&))#+i-0l'.

I is -#, h#/!(!+, &(is&l! # &ll#/ i # ! h&-l!, &s & )h&-)! #!-i-0 i- h! /+#-0

i+!)i#- /#3l &0&i- +!3)! i # & 0+&)!*3l +3i-.

:. Th M!"#$!% P'()$*#'+ ' F%'.

This (!+' +!' +i)$ !!-s 3#- h! s$il*3l 3s! #* & -3%!+ #* "s+i-0" *l#/!+s. Th!s! &+!

-#, h#/!(!+, h! #+i-&+' "*l#/!+s h& l##% i- h! s+i-0, +& l&" 3 *l#/!+s /ih !&ls #*

sil$ #+ &!+5 s# &++&-0!, 3#- & !li)&! V s+i-0 & h! )!-+! #* !&)h, &s # *#l *l& 3-!+

+!ss3+!, &0&i- !4&-i-0 # h!i+ -#+%&l i%!-si#-s h! %#%!- s3)h +!ss3+! is +!%#(!.^ Th!' &+! %&! i- (&+i#3s sh&!s, 83&lii!s, &- si!s, &- & (&+i#3s +i)!s, +&-0i-0 *+#% *#3+

shilli-0s &- si4!-)! !+ h3-+! # #-! shilli-0 #+ %#+! !+ #!-. F#+ h! *i+s s&0! #* h!

)&+#&+, !&)h &#3 /# &- & h&l* i-)h!s i- i&%!!+, /ih & sh&ll#/ -#)h #- !&)h si!, &s

!i)! i- Fi0. ;. T# #-! s3+*&)! #* !&)h is &s! #-! #* h! "s+i-0" *l#/!+s i- is !4&-!

*i-0!+s i-si!. Wh!- h! l&' h&s "+!&h!" &s +!83!s!, h! +!1+&-s*!+s h! &0 # h! +i0h

h&-, /hi)h 0+&ss i ' h! ##si! !-. I- %&$i-0 h! +&-s*!+, h! %&$!s & h&l*13+- # h!

h3% /ihi- h! /i+! l##, +&/s #3 h! &)$!, &- *#+%s h! &!+ i-# & )#-! &+#3- i. This /ill +!s!- -# i**i)3l' &*!+ & lil! +&)i)!. F+#% his #i- h! +#3)i#- #* h! *l#/!+s +3-s 3#- h! s&%! li-!s &s h& #* h! *i+s &)$!.

Th! #2!) #* &si-0 *l#/!+s #- !&)h si! #* h! /# )&+#&+ is)s is, &s h! +!&!+ /ill

#3l!ss h&(! s3+%is!, h& h!' %&', i* &))i!-&ll' )&30h si0h #* &%#-0 h! *l#/!+s &*!+

+#3)i#-, &!&+ # ! h!%s!l(!s %!+!l' *l#/!+s li$! h! +!s, &- s# !4)i! -# s3si)i#- &s #

h!i+ +!&l 3+#s!.

9. R()$#+" ! H!+(8$h# *' L#%%#2)*#!+ D#+#'+.

sill s%&ll!+ h&-$!+)hi!*, h+!! i-)h!s s83&+!. This l&!+ is *#l! &))#+i#-1*&shi#-, i- h+!!

l!&s #-! /&', &- h!- h+!! l!&s h! #h!+ /&', s# &s # !, /h!- *#l!, #-l' #-! i-)h

*&i+l' i-, &- h! #h!+ *&i+l' #3, h! s+&i0h!-s h! &+%s /ih & *#+/&+ h+3s, si%3l&-!#3sl' +!l&4i-0 his h#l #- h! (&-ish!+, /hi)h *#+h/ih *li!s 3 h! sl!!(!. His -!4 s! is # s+!&

#3 h! -i-!1i-)h h&-$!+)hi!*, $!!i-0 h! sill s%&ll!+ #-! #- h! +!&+ si! #* i. H! h!- +!&$s

h! h+!&, &)$s h! -i-!1i-)h h&-$!+)hi!* i-# &s s%&ll & )#%&ss &s #ssil!, &- sh#/s i- is l&)! h! h+!!1i-)h h&-$!+)hi!*, 3l' s+!& #35 his *#+%i-0, /ih +#!+ )&+!, &- &%l!

i&0#-&ll' ##si! )#+-!+s, /isi-0 i +#!1/is!, &-, /ih %3)h &!&+&-)! #* %3s)3l&+ !**#+, s+!)hi-0 i l#-0i3i-&ll'.

Th! ill3si#- !!-s 3#- /# #i-s. Fi+s, h& h! i&0#-&l #* & s83&+! *&+i) is )#-si!+&l' l#-0!+ h&- !ih!+ #* is si!s, h#30h i- &- #3s+!& )#-ii#- his is -# -#i)!.

S!)#-l', h& h! !+*#+%!+, & h! #3s! #* h! +i)$, i- /isi-0 h! h&-$!+)hi!* &s &#(!,

* As # #h!+ s3i&l! *#+%s #* h! &&+&3s, s!! M#+! M&0i), . ??, &- 0ater /agic" p. =?.

%&-&0!s 6/hil! sill l!&(i-0 h! !4+!%! )#+-!+s (isil!7 # s!)3+! & )!+&i- &%#3- #* "sl&)$,"

/hi)h, i- )#3+s! #* h! s+!)hi-0 +#)!ss, h! i ' i +!l!&s!s.

Th! !+*#+%!+ sh#3l -# +!3+- h! h&-$!+)hi!* i- h! "s+!)h!" )#-ii#-, 3

6+#*!ss!l' #3 #* )#-si!+&i#- *#+ h! *!!li-0s #* is #/-!+7 &0&i- +!3)!" i ' & lil! %&$!1 !li!(! )#%+!ssi#-5 h!- #!-i-0 i #3 s83&+!, &s & *i+s.

10. Th M!"#$ T!5%%#+" T)+8, h'+ E2*;, *h+ F)%%.

Figure 17

Figure 18

Figure 19

Figure 20

Th! i!)! #* &&+&3s /hi)h h!+! *i03+!s &s & +&(!lli-0 +3-$, is *&%ili&+l' $-#/- # )#-23+!+s

&s & "+&/!+1#4." Is s!)i&l 83&li' is h&, h#30h &)3&ll' *3ll, i %&' ! %&! # &!&+

!%'. I is h3s &(&il&l! *#+ h! %&0i)&l +#3)i#-, #+ +!+#3)i#-, #* &-' &+i)l! /hi)h i is l&+0! !-#30h # )#-&i-. Th!+! &+! *!/ )#-23+i-0 &li&-)!s /hi)h h&(! & /i!+ +&-0! #* 3ili',

h#30h #* l&! '!&+s h! +!(&ili-0 *&shi#- #* /#+$i-0 /ih & %i-i%3% #* (isil! &&+&3s h&s )&3s! h! +&/!+1#4 # ! s#%!/h& -!0l!)!.

I )#-siss #* & +&/!+ /#+$i-0 i- &- #3!+ )&s! 63s3&ll' #* #lish! /&l-3 #+ %&h#0&-'7 23s l&+0! !-#30h # )#-&i- i 6Fi0. I@7. Is i%!-si#-s (&+' &))#+i-0 # h! si! #* h! &+i)l!s /hi)h i is i-!-! # &))#%%#&!, /hi)h %&' +&-0! *+#% & li(! +&i #/- # & l&'i-01)&+.

Th! +&/!+ 6Fi0. ;7 is i- /# &+s, h! #-! /#+$i-0 i-si! h! #h!+. Th! i--!+ #-! is &

)#%l!! +&/!+, s&(! h& i h&s -# $-# i- *+#-. Th! #3!+ #-! is & %!+! "sh!ll," s# # s!&$, h&(i-0 *+#-, si!s, &- ##%, 3 -# i--!+ !-. Wh!- his is 3ll! #3, i -&3+&ll' +i-0s /ih i h! i--!+ #+i#- &ls#5 h! /# &!&+i-0 &s #-!, &- is)l#si-0 h! )#-!-s #* h! l&!+. Th!

!+*#+%!+ )&-, h#/!(!+, ' +!ssi-0 & s3 3-!+-!&h h! #3!+ )&s!, h#l &)$ h! i--!+

+&/!+, i- /hi)h )&s! h! "sh!ll" )#%!s #3 &l#-!, &- h! &&+&3s &!&+s # ! !%', h#30h

h! i--!+ +&/!+ %&' ! &)3&ll' *3ll. Th! sh!ll +&/!+ )&--# ! +&/- )#%l!!l' #3 #* h!

)&s!, &s is l&)$ #* &- i--!+ !- /#3l h!+!' ! is)l#s!5 3 h! +&/!+ is sh#/- !%' '

3+-i-0 h! /h#l! &&+&3s #- is si! #/&+s h! &3i!-)!.

T# +!&+! h! +&/!+1#4 *#+ h! +i)$ i- h&-, h! !+*#+%!+ *i+s "l#&s" h! ##% #*

h! 0!-3i-! +&/!+ /ih #-! #+ %#+! &!+ ")#ils." Th!s!, /hi)h &+! -# 3-li$! h! )#ils 3s! *#+

h! !l!0+&hi) "&!" %&)hi-!, %&' ! h& i- i**!+!- si!s, +&-0i-0 i- i&%!!+ *+#% h+!!

i-)h!s 3/&+s, &- i- & (&+i!' #* )#l#3+s. T/# #+ %#+! #* h!s!, &))#+i-0 # si!, &+! &)$!

i-# h! ##% #* h! i--!+ +&/!+, s# i0hl' h& i )&- ! 3+-! 3si! #/- /ih#3 h!i+

*&lli-0 #35 &- s#, &&+!-l', +#(! !%'. U#- h!s! %&' ! l&i s%&ll &l!s #* )h#)#l&!, #-1#-s, !)., *#+ is+i3i#-, &ll )l#s!l' &)$!, &- #- h!s!, &0&i-, & *!/ &+i)l!s #* #ll<s

3-!+1li-!-, s3i&l! # & #ll #*, s&', !- i-)h!s i- h!i0h.

Th! l&s1%!-i#-! &+i)l!s &+! *i+s +#3)! *+#% h! +&/!+, &- h! #-#-s

is+i3! &%#-0 h! 23(!-il!s. Th! +&/!+ is h!- 6&&+!-l'7 +#(! !%' ' 3+-i-0 i

3si! #/- 6&$i-0 3! +!)&3i#- &0&i-s &ll#/i-0 h! s!)&#+s # s!! h! i-si!7, &*!+ /hi)h i is +!l&)! i- h! )&s!, )l#s!, &- &0&i- #!-!. Th! !+*#+%!+ h!-, 0!i-0 h#l #* h! i--!+

!- #* #-! #* h! )#ils, !0i-s # +&/ i #3, +#*!ss!l' &s #-! #* h! P+i-)!ss<s +i#-s. A*!+

h! *i+s /# #+ h+!! '&+s h&(! !!- +#3)!, h! i-s!+s h! !- #* his /&- i- #-! #* h! l##s

h!+!' *#+%!, &- +&/s h! &!+ #3 ' %#(i-0 h! /&- +&il' +#3- &- +#3- i- (!+i)&l )i+)l!s. O-! #+ /# )#ils s# !(!l#! %&$! & +!%!-#3s sh#/ #* &!+5 s# %3)h s#, i-!!,

h& i s!!%s, # h! 3-ii&!, )+!il! h& s3)h & 83&-i' )#3l !(!+ h&(! !!- )#-&!

i-h! +&/!+.

Th!+! is & (&+i!' #* h! +&/!+1#4, &s ill3s+&! i- Fi0s. ; &- ?, $-#/- &s h!

"iss!)i-0" +&/!+1#4. I- his *#+% #* h! &&+&3s h! #, si!s, &- ##% #* h! #3!+ )&s!

&+! hi-0! # h! hi-!+ !-, &- %&' ! #!-! #3, &s sh#/- i- Fi0. ?, &*!+ h! +&/!+ is )#%l!!l' !%i!, # +#(! h& h!+! is -# #ssil! l&)! *#+ h! *3+h!+ )#-)!&l%!- #* &-'

&+i)l!. A- '!, /h!- h! )&s! is 3 #0!h!+ &0&i-, &- h! +&/!+ +!i-s!+!, i is *#3- # !

&0&i- *ill!, s&', /ih i)3+!1#s)&+s, &s i-i)&! i- h! s#+'.

Th! s!)+! h!+! li!s i- h! *&) h& h! 3!+ &+ #* h! )&s! is -# *l&, 3 sh&! li$!

h! li #* & s&+)#h&03s, &- h#ll#/. I is )l#s! #- h! 3-!+ si! ' & hi- /##!- &-!l, /hi)h, i* h! +&/!+ ! 3sh! s%&+l' h#%! &*!+ & &+i)3l&+ *&shi#-, is +!l!&s!, &- +#s i-#

h! +&/!+ 6h! ##% #* /hi)h i 23s )#(!+s7 /ih &ll h& %&' h&(! !!- &)$! &#(! i.

11. C!%%#+" C!( ' *h P!$8.

+!&il' s)+&! #3 /ih h! *i-0!+1-&il h&- h! $-# #-l'. Th! 0l&ss &- )&+s &+! h!- h&-!

*#+ !4&%i-&i#-, 3, #* )#3+s!, !ll -# &l!s.

1/. A C!( !( *' 2! ' '+ P%!$ *' A+'*h.

This !**!) is 3+!l' %!)h&-i)&l, !%&-i-0 *+#% h! s#+'1!ll!+ +&)i)&ll' -#hi-0 s&(! h!

#ss!ssi#- #* h! /# -!!*3l i!)!s #* &&+&3s.

O* h!s!, h! *i+s 6Fi0. ?;7 is & %i-i&3+! &l!, #* -i)$!ll! +&ss, s&-i-0 3s3&ll' h+!!

#+ h+!! &- & h&l* i-)h!s hi0h. Th! &l!1# is )i+)3l&+, &#3 *#3+ i-)h!s i- i&%!!+, &- h&s

#+ h+!! &- & h&l* i-)h!s hi0h. Th! &l!1# is )i+)3l&+, &#3 *#3+ i-)h!s i- i&%!!+, &- h&s is #3!+ !0! 3+-!

s!(!+&l (&+i!i!s. Th! si%l!s 6s!! Fi0. ??7 is & lil! *l& #4, #* /&l-3 #+ %&h#0&-', 23s l&+0!

!-#30h i- #i- #* l!-0h &- +!&h # )#-&i- & l&'i-01)&+5 s&', *#3+ i-)h!s ' h+!!, &- l##s!l' /ihi- i, &- )#++!s#-i-0 i- 0+&i- &- 0!-!+&l &!&+&-)!

l##s!l' /ihi- i, &- )#++!s#-i-0 i- 0+&i- &- 0!-!+&l &!&+&-)! /ih is i-!+-&l s3+*&)!. Th!/ih is i-!+-&l s3+*&)!. Th!

#4, i sh#3l ! %!-i#-!, is s# hi-0! h& i #!-s #3 *l&, li$! & ##$.

T# "(&-ish" h! )&+, h! !+*#+%!+ #!-s h! #4 #3 *l&, &s &#(! %!-i#-!, h! l##s!

sl& -&3+&ll' +!%&0 h! si! /hi)h /&s +!(i#3sl' 3-!+%#s. H! l&)!s h! )&+, -# sl& -&3+&ll' +!%&0 h! si! /hi)h /&s +!(i#3sl' 3-!+%#s. H! l&)!s h! )&+, -#

i-his, 3 i- h! ##si! si!, &- h!- )l#s!s h! #4 ' 3+-i-0 #(!+ h! si! h#li-0 h! sl&,

his, 3 i- h! ##si! si!, &- h!- )l#s!s h! #4 ' 3+-i-0 #(!+ h! si! h#li-0 h! sl&, /hi)h is h3s +#30h 3!+%#s. Th! sl& -&3+&ll' *&lls i-# h! -!/ l#/!+ si!, &- /h!- h!

/hi)h is h3s +#30h 3!+%#s. Th! sl& -&3+&ll' *&lls i-# h! -!/ l#/!+ si!, &- /h!- h!

#4 is &0&i- #!-!, h! )&+ h&s (&-ish!, !i-0 )#(!+! ' h! sl&. Th! s&%! !**!) %&', i*

+!*!++!, ! +#3)! ' l&'i-0 h! )&+ h! sl&, *#li-0 #/- h! 3-#))3i! si! 3#-i, &- 3+-i-0 h! #4 #(!+ &*!+/&+s.

A %#+! !l&#+&! *#+% #* ")&+1#4" is sh#/- i- s!)i#- i- Fi0. ?. Th! %#(!&l! *l& is i- his )&s! -# !&)h!, 3 is i(#! &0&i-s h! hi-!+ )#+-!+s #* h! ##%. Th! !-si#- #* &

s+i-0 )&3s!s i # li! -#+%&ll' &0&i-s h! &)$ #* h! #45 3 i %&' ! *#l! #/- *l& #- h!

##%, &- s!)3+! i- h& #sii#- ' & lil! )&)h. Th! &) #* )l#si-0 h! #4, h#/!(!+, /ih+&/s h! )&)h5 /h!+!3#- h! *l& *li!s 3 &0&i- # & !+!-i)3l&+ #sii#-, )#-)!&li-0 !/!!- is!l* &- h! &)$ &-' )&+ +!(i#3sl' l&i 3#- i.

13. Th R##+" B!%%.

Figure 24

This is & (!+' i-0!-i#3s i!)! #* &&+&3s, &- is !+*#+%&-)! is

!4+!%!l' 3li-0 # h! 3-i-ii&!, h#30h, &s & !s #* )h&+&)!+, i is !+h&s s)&+)!l' # ! i%li)il' +!li! #-. A- !4&%i-&i#- #* h!

&))#%&-'i-0 s!)i#-&l i&0+&% 6Fi0. ?=7 /ill &**#+ & )l3! # is s!)+!.

I /ill ! #s!+(! h& h! )#+ /hi)h, # #3/&+ &!&+&-)!, &ss!s s+&i0h h+#30h h! &ll, #!s -# &)3&ll' # s#, !i-0, i- *&), /#

i-!!-!- )#+s. Th! &ll, /hi)h is &#3 *#3+ i-)h!s i- i&%!!+, )#-&i-s & #3l! 3ll!'1/h!!l, /#+$i-0 #- &- &4is & +i0h &-0l!s #

h! )#3+s! #* h! )#+. E&)h /h!!l h&s & !! *l&-0!, 3 h! !+ih!+'

#* h! #-! is %#+! h&- #3l! h& #* h! #h!+. Th! )#+ &ssi-0 #3 &

h! # is )#il! #- h! s%&ll!+ /h!!l, # /hi)h is i--!+ !- is s!)3+!. Th! )#+ /hi)h &ss!s

#3 & h! ##% is i- li$! %&--!+ &&)h! #, &- )#il! +#3-, h! l&+0!+ /h!!l. I* h! 3!+

)#+ ! h!l i- h! h&-, &- h! l#/!+ #-! l!* sl&)$, h! &ll +3-s #/-, 3-/i-i-0 h! )#+

*+#% h! s%&ll!+, &- )#ili-0 i #- h! l&+0!+ /h!!l. B3 i*, /ih h! &ll i- h! s&%! #sii#-, &

3ll is si%3l&-!#3sl' &li! # #h )#+s, h! +!s3l is i**!+!-. Th! ! )#+ !i-0 )#il!

#-& s%#-&ll /h!!l, #-&- h! #h!+ #- #-& l#-&+0! #-!, h! l#-&!+, *+#% is 0+!#-&!+ l!(!+#-&0!, 0!s h! %#-&s!+'.

Th! )#+ #- h! l&+0! /h!!l is 3-/#3-, h!+!' /i-i-0 3 h! )#+ #- h! s%&ll /h!!l. Th!

3!+ )#+ !i-0 h3s sh#+!-!, h! &ll is )#%!ll! # +is!.

Th!+! &+! &ss!ls, #* sli0hl' i**!+!- &!+-, & h! ##si! !-s #* h! )#+. This lil!

isi-)i#-, h#30h -# %&+$! !-#30h # ! -#i)! ' #3si!+s, !-&l!s h! !+*#+%!+ # %&$!

s3+! #* h&(i-0 h! &ll +i0h si! 3!+%#s. Th! !s /&' #* !4hiii-0 i is # h#l h! 3!+

)#+ i- #-! h&-, &- h!- 3ll 3#- h! l#/!+ /ih h! #h!+. I* &-' s)!i)&l s!)&#+ sh#3l

!si+! # +' his s$ill, h! &ll is h&-! # hi% /+#-0 si! 3, /h!- h! %i0h 3ll ill ##%s&' /ih#3 i-3)i-0 i # +is!.

14. Th M!"#$ M#'.

This +i)$ +!ss 3#- & -#(!l 3s! #* & i!)! #* &&+&3s !si0-! *#+ & 83i! i**!+!- 3+#s!.

Th! &&+&3s i- 83!si#- is $-#/- &s & "s&- *+&%!," &- is #+i-&+' *3-)i#- is # )&3s! h!

&!&+&-)! #* & l&'i-01)&+ #+ carte&de&visite 3-!+ h! 0l&ss, i- l&)! #* h! l&i- &)$0+#3-

+!(i#3sl' sh#/-.

I- si! i is 3s3&ll' &#3 si4 i-)h!s ' *#3+ &- & h&l*, &- i- &!&+&-)! li$! &- !%' h##0+&h *+&%!5 h! s&)! *#+ h! h## !i-0 *ill! 3 /ih /h& is &$!- # ! +#30h 0+!' #+

&!+. As & %&!+ #* *&), h#/!(!+, /h& is +!&ll' s!!- is & hi- l&'!+ #* 0+!' #+ +#/-s&-. Th! s3#s! "0l&ss" is i- +!&li' /# 0l&ss!s5 &- h! s&-, /h!- h! *+&%! is l&)! i- &

)!+&i- #sii#-, li!s !/!!- h!%. Th!+! is, h#/!(!+, & h#ll#/ s&)! /ihi- /h& /! /ill )&ll,

*#+ h! s&$! #* isi-)i#-, h! 3!+ !- #* h! *+&%! 6#h &+! !4&)l' &li$! i- &!&+&-)!75 &-

i* h! *+&%! ! +!(!+s!, s# &s # +i-0 his !- 3-!+%#s, h! s&- +3-s &/&' i-# s3)h s&)!, +!(!&li-0 & )&+ #+ i)3+! +!(i#3sl' i-s!+! !hi- h! i--!+ 0l&ss. Th!+! is &- #!-i-0 & h!

&)$, )l#s! ' & s%&ll ##+, # &ll#/ #* s3)h i-s!+i#-.

Th! *+&%! is *i+s sh#/- /ih h! s&- !/!!- h! /# 0l&ss!s, &- h!+!*#+!, # &ll

&!&+&-)!, !%'. A*!+ s#%! &+#+i&! "&!+," i is l&)!, 3+i0h, /ih is &)$ # h!

)#%&-', #+ /ih is *&)! )#(!+! /ih & h&-$!+)hi!*. I- s# l&)i-0 i, h! !+*#+%!+ i-(!+s i, /h!- h! s&- & #-)! !0i-s # +i)$l! &/&' i-# h! s!)+! )&(i', &- h! )&+ #+ #h!+ #2!)

+!(i#3sl' i-s!+! 3-!+ h! #3l! 0l&ss !)#%!s (isil!.

F#+ h! 3+#s! #* h! +!s!- +i)$, h! !+*#+%!+ /+i!s, i- & (!+' +#30h /&', #- & i!)!

#* 0+!' #+ +#/- &!+ )#++!s#-i-0 i- i- /ih h! s&- 3s!, h! /#+s "All /il ! /!l," &-

i-s!+s his !hi- h! 0l&ss. Th! *+&%! is i- his )&s! 3+-! #(!+ i- h! h&-, &- h! %#(!%!-

#* h! *&- %&s$s h! 0+&3&l is&!&+&-)! #* h! s&-. This is & %#+! &+isi) %!h# h&-)#(!+i-0 h! *+&%!, &*!+ h! 3s3&l *&shi#-, /ih & h&-$! +)hi!*.

Sh#3l his &+i)3l&+ i!% -# ! i-)l3! i- h! +#0+&%%!, h! s&- *+&%! %&' 6i*

+!*!++!7 ! 3ili! i- l&)! #* h! sl&! *#+ h! 3+#s! #* h! )#-)l3i-0 +i)$.

16. P'5#+" *h!* S#< !+( F#5 ! Th#*+.

This, &0&i-, is &- !**!) +#3)! ' 3+!l' %!)h&-i)&l %!&-s. O-! #* h! l&!s 3s! is &

"*&$!" &+i)l!, h&(i-0 & #3l! ##%, &- !/!!- h! /# s3+*&)!s & *l& 3!, )l#s! & #-!

!-, &- 23s /i! &- !! !-#30h # &%i & shill0. T/# s3)h )#s &+! l&)! !*#+!h&-

i-his 3!.

Th! si4 )#i-s &+! )#3-! #3 #- h! l&!, /hi)h & s!)&#+ is h!- &s$! # h#l i- *+#-

#* hi% /ih #h h&-s, h! !+*#+%!+ &$i-0 )&+! s# # h&- i # hi% h& h! #!-i-0 #* h!

3! sh&ll ! & h! #i- *&+h!s *+#% his 6h! &ssis&-<s7 #'.

A h! &+#+i&! %#%!-, h! is +#30h *&)! # *&)! /ih h! h#l!+ #* h! s!)#- l&!,

&- is &s$! # #3+ h! si4 )#i-s 3#- i. H! -&3+&ll' #!s s# ' ili-0 h! l&! i- & *#+/&+

i+!)i#-, /h!- h! )#-)!&l! )#i-s sli #3 #* h! 3!, &- 2#i- )#%&-' /ih h! +!%&i-!+.

17. Th S2!!*( S!+(.

Th!+! &+! /# %!h#s #* !+*#+%i-0 his +i)$. Th! *i+s is # +!&+! h! s&-, !&)h )#l#3+

s!&+&!l', ' h!&i-0 i i- & *+'i-01&- #(!+ & *i+!, ill i is h# !-#30h # 23s "+#/-" & )&+

h+3s i-# i, &- h!- si++i-0 /!ll i-# i & s%&ll 83&-i' #* &ll#/ #+ %3#- s3!. This %3s !

#-! s# h#+#30hl' h& !&)h 0+&i- &+i)i&!s i- h! /&!+1+##*i-0 #!+&i#-.

S&- s# +!&!, 3-li$! 3-+!&+! s&-, h&s h! 83&li' #* "i-i-0." I* +!ss! #0!h!+, i /ill *#+% & s#li %&ss /hi)h /ill +!%&i- 3-!+ /&!+ *#+ s#%! lil! i%! /ih#3

isi-!0+&i#-, &- %&' ! &$!- #3 &0&i- sill )#h!+i-0, h#30h & +3i-0 %#(!%!- #* h!

*i-0!+s i-s&-l' +!3)!s i # is #+i0i-&l )#-ii#- #* +' s&-, is &!&+&-)! -# !i-0 & &ll

&l!+! ' h! +!&%!- i h&s 3-!+0#-!. S&- h3s +!&+! %&' ! +#)3+!, +!&' *#+ 3s!, &

&-' 0## )#-23+i-0 !#.

This is h! )l3! # h! +i)$. Th! /# &!+ &0s !4hii! !&)h )#-&i-, i- &ii#- # h!

l##s! s&-, & l3% #* +!&+! s&- #* h! s&%! )#l#3+. Wh!- &#3 # sh#/ h! +i)$, h!

!+*#+%!+ is his h&- i-# #-! #* h! &0s, +i-0s #3 & h&-*3l #* h! s&-, &- l!s i

+3-#/- #- # #-! #* h! l&!s. H! &$!s & h&-*3l i- li$! %&--!+ *+#% h! s!)#- &0, &- #3+s i

#- h! #h!+ l&!. Th! )#-!-s #* #h l&!s &+! h!- #3+! i-# h! /&!+, 3 h!s! &+!

s)&+)!l' s3**i)i!- *#+ his 3+#s!. H! h!+!*#+! &s & *!/ %#+! h&-*3ls *+#% !&)h &0, &- i-)#3+s! #* s# #i-0 &ll#/s h! /# %&ss!s #* +!&+! s&- # sli #/- i-# h! /&!+, /hi)h h!

si+s /ih his h&-, s# &s # %&$! i %3', &- +!(!- h! l3%s !i-0 s!!- & h! ##%. A

h! +#!+ %#%!- h! is his h&- i-, s!)3+!s #-! #* h! l3%s, &- &*!+ 0i(i-0 i & 0!-l!

s83!!! # 0! +i #* &-' /&!+ h& %&' &h!+! # h! #3!+ s3+*&)!, )+3%l!s i #(!+ & l&!, &-

sh#/s i +'.

Th! &l!+-&i(! &- +!*!+&l! %!h# 6h! i-(!-i#-, I !li!(!, #* M+. Ch&+l!s B!++&%7 is # /+& 3 & h&-*3l #* 3-+!&+! s&-, #* !&)h )#l#3+, i- & i!)! #* 0#l!&!+<s s$i- #+

/&!++##* &!+. Th! #!+&#+ /iss h! # +#3- #-)! #+ /i)!, &- i!s i i0hl' /ih & i!)!

#* hi- /i-!. H! h!- )3s #** &-' s3!+*l3#3s %&!+i&l /ih & &i+ #* s)iss#+s, &- %&$!s h!

#!-i-0 /&!+i0h /ih s!&li-01/&4. This &ls# s!+(!s, ' is )#l#3+, # !-#! h& #* h! s&-

/ihi-. Th! &+#+i&! &)$!s &+! l&)! i- h! &0s )#-&i-i-0 h! l##s! s&- #* )#++!s#-i-0 )#l#3+, &- h! +i)$ is *+#% his #i- /#+$! &*!+ h! s&%! *&shi#- &s &l+!&' !s)+i!. Th!

In document KING KOKO.pdf (Page 31-64)