4. METHODS 91
4.3. Preparations from in vivo material 92
4.3.1. Isolation of yeast nuclei
Yeast nuclei were typically prepared from 0.8‐2 L of culture grown to an OD600 of 2‐4. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and washed with 200 ml ice‐cold H2O per litre of culture. The weight of the cell pellet was subsequently determined. The cells were then resuspended in 5 ml of pre‐
incubation solution (0.7 M β‐mercaptoethanol, 2.8 mM EDTA) per gram of cell pellet and incubated
at either 30°C or the growth temperature of the original culture for 30 minutes while shaking. Cells
were then washed with ice‐cold 1 M Sorbitol solution and resuspended in 2 ml of 1 M Sorbitol, 5 mM β‐mercaptoethanol per gram of cell pellet. OD600 was determined by diluting 20 µl of cell suspension into 2 ml of H2O. Next, 100 µl of a 20 mg/ml Zymolyase 100 T solution was added per gram of cell
pellet and incubated at the same temperature as with the pre‐incubation solution for 30 minutes
(standard logarithmic culture) or 1 hour (strains carrying a temperature sensitive allele of an
essential gene) with shaking. Efficiency of the lysis was checked by measuring the OD600 as before. Cells were then washed again in ice‐cold 1 M Sorbitol and resuspended in 7 ml Ficoll Solution (180
mg/ml Ficoll, 20 mM KH2PO4, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.25 mM EGTA, 0.25 mM EDTA, pH of the solution adjusted to 6.8 with KOH) per gram of cell pellet. The cell suspension was split into aliquots
corresponding to 0.5 to 1.2 grams of original cell pellet. Aliquots were then centrifuged at 4°C for 30
minutes at 15000 rpm in a Sorvall SM‐24 rotor. Supernatant was discarded and the pellets were
frozen in ethanol pre‐cooled to ‐90°C by the addition of dry ice. Frozen pellets were stored at ‐80 °C
until further use.
4.3.2. Yeast whole cell extract preparation
Extracts were made from the corresponding strains grown at 30°C to an OD600 of 3.5‐4, except were for strains carrying a temperature sensitive mutant allele, which were grown as described in chapter
4.2.1. The extract used for fractionation was made from a commercially available baker's yeast
concentrate. The cell pellets were washed with ice‐cold H2O and then with 50 ml extraction buffer (200 mM HEPES‐KOH pH 7.5, 10 mM MgSO4, 10% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA, 390 mM (NH4)2SO4, 1 mM DTT). Cells were resuspended in 20 ml extraction buffer containing 1X Complete protease inhibitor
without EDTA and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The stated amounts of extraction buffer were used
with up to 10 grams of cell mass. Corresponding amounts were used for extract preparations from
larger starting amounts of cell mass. The frozen cells were grinded in an electric mortar pre‐cooled
with liquid nitrogen with an initial pestle setting of 1 until a fine powder was generated.
Subsequently pestle setting was increased to 5‐6 for another 5‐10 minutes, during which about 2 ml
extraction buffer (with 1X complete inhibitor) was added per 5 g of cells mass. The grinded cells were
thawed rapidly and centrifuged in a SW 56 Ti rotor for 2h at 4°C with 28000 rpm. The supernatant
was removed leaving behind the cloudy layer right on top of the pellet and the lipid rich top at the
meniscus. 337 mg of solid (NH4)2SO4 was added per 1 ml of withdrawn supernatant. The (NH4)2SO4 was grinded to a fine powder prior to addition. The (NH4)2SO4 was dissolved completely on a rotating
wheel at 4°C. Next, the solution was centrifuged for 20 minutes in a TLA 55 rotor at 4°C with 26000
rpm. The pellets were resuspended in with approximately 0.5‐1 ml dialysis buffer (20 mM HEPES‐KOH
pH 7.5, 10% glycerol, 80 mM KCl, 1 mM EGTA, 5 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF and 1 mM sodium
metabisulfite) per gram of starting cell mass and dialysed twice against 40‐50 fold excess of the same
buffer used for resuspension for 1.5 hours each. The extracts were portioned into 60‐1000 µl
aliquots, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ‐80 °C.
4.3.3. Purification of Drosophila embryo histones
Purification of Drosophila embryo histones was carried out as described previously [243]. 100 gram Drosophila embryos were resuspended in 100‐150 ml of lysis buffer (15 mM HEPES‐KOH pH 7.5, 10
mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.05 mM EDTA, 0.25 mM EGTA, 10 % glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 0.2 mM PMSF) and homogenized in a Yamamoto homogenisator by passing the suspension through 6 times at 1000 rpm
in the cold room. The homogenized mixture was then centrifuged at 8000 rpm, 4°C, 10 minutes in an
HB‐4 or HB‐6 rotor. The top liquid supernatant was removed and the soft light brown jelly middle
phase containing the desired nuclei transferred to new tubes. The nuclei were washed with 50 ml Suc
buffer (15 mM HEPES‐KOH pH 7.5, 10 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.05 mM EDTA, 0.25 mM EGTA, 1.2 % sucrose, 1 mM DTT, 0.2 mM PMSF) and then resuspended in 30 ml Suc buffer. Next, 90 µl of 1 M
CaCl2 were added, the mixture pre‐warmed to 26°C in a waterbath, and 125 µl of 50 U/µl MNase were added. Following a 10 minute incubation at 26°C in the waterbath, the reaction was stopped by
the addition of 600 µl of 0.5 M EDTA. The mixture was then centrifuged as before and the pellet
resuspended in 6 ml buffer (10 mM Tris‐HCl 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.2 mM PMSF, 1X Roche
Complete EDTA‐free protease inhibitors). The sample was rotated for 45 minutes at 4°C and
centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 30 minutes, 4°C in an HB‐4 or HB‐6 rotor. The supernatant was kept
addition of 2 M KCl, 0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 7.2. The supernatant was then loaded onto a 30
ml hydroxylapatite column equilibrated with 0.63 M KCl, 0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 7.2.
Histones were eluted with 2 M KCl, 0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 7.2 and aliquots of each fraction
run on an 18% SDS‐PAGE gel to identify the histone containing fractions. Those fractions were pooled
and concentrated with Amicon‐Ultra 10 kDa cut‐off. Finally, an equal volume of 87% glycerol was
added, Roche Complete protease inhibitor was added to a concentration of 1X and histones were
stored at ‐20°C.