Procedures and Statistical Analyses 50 - – Methodology and Ethical Considerations 49

Chapter 2 – Methodology and Ethical Considerations 49

2.2 Procedures and Statistical Analyses 50

questionnaires personally to all the participants in all five Asian cities, namely Manila, Jakarta, Bangalore, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. For the sixth city in the USA, I worked through an administrator whom I appointed ahead of time. I guided him and his

Table 2.1

Study 1, Positive Schema: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants in the Manila, Bangalore, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, and the USA East Samples

Characteristic Categories Manila Bangalore Singapore Kuala Lumpur USA East Sample for EFA – Phase 1; n (%) Sample for EFA – Phase 1; n (%) Sample for EFA – Phase 2; n (%) Sample for CFA – Phase 3; n (%) Sample for CFA – Phase 3; n (%) Gender Men 245 (42.76) 170 (47.35) 260 (41.20) 83 (35.78) 87 (39.73) Women 320 (55.85) 175 (48.75) 371 (58.80) 149 (64.22) 132 (60.27) Did not specify 8 (1.40) 14 (3.90) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) Age (years) 20-29 41 (7.16) 102 (28.41) 100 (15.85) 42 (18.10) 86 (39.27) 30-39 231 (40.31) 97 (27.02) 167 (26.47) 81 (34.91) 42 (19.18) 40-49 245 (42.76) 123 (34.26) 277 (43.90) 90 (38.79) 40 (18.26) >= 50 49 (8.55) 20 (5.57) 87 (13.79) 18 (7.79) 51 (23.29) Did not specify 7 (1.22) 17 (4.74) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.43) 0 (0.00) Parenting Status Non parent 106 (18.50) 84 (23.40) 260 (41.2) 106 (45.69) N. A. Parent 454 (79.23) 226 (62.95) 370 (58.64) 121 (52.16) N. A. Did not specify 13 (2.27) 49 (13.65) 1 (0.16) 5 (2.16) N. A. Race Chinese 2 (0.35) 0 (0.0) 508 (80.51) 205 (88.36) N. A. Indonesian 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 5 (0.79) 5 (2.16) N. A. Indian 0 (0.0) 332 (92.48) 15 (2.38) 3 (1.29) N. A. Filipino 559 (97.56) 0 (0.0) 91 (14.42) 9 (3.88) N. A. Caucasian / White 1 (0.17) 2 (0.56) 2 (0.32) 2 (0.86) 92 (42.01) Black N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 88 (40.18) Latino N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 15 (6.85) Asian N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 9 (4.11) Others 4 (0.70) 12 (3.34) 9 (1.43) 8 (3.45) 13 (5.94) Did not specify 7 (1.22) 13 (3.62) 1 (0.16) 0 (0.00) 2 (0.91) Educational

Qualification

Masters Degree & above N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 54 (24.66) Postgraduate N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 11 (5.02) Bachelors Degree N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 90 (41.10) High School N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 45 (20.55) Others N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 17 (7.76) Did not specify N. A. N. A. N. A. N. A. 2 (0.91) Nationality Filipino 559 (97.56) 0 (0.0) 85 (13.47) 9 (3.88) N. A. Singaporean 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 437 (69.26) 2 (0.86) N. A. Malaysian 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 63 (9.98) 210 (90.52) N. A. Indonesian 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 19 (3.01) 7 (3.02) N. A. Indian 0 (0.0) 331 (92.20) 5 (0.79) 1 (0.43) N. A. Others 2 (0.35) 13 (3.62) 21 (3.33) 3 (1.29) N. A. Did not specify 12 (2.09) 15 (4.18) 1 (0.16) 0 (0.00) N. A. Total 573 (100) 359 (100) 631 (100) 232 (100) 219 (100) Respondents with more than 10% missing

values 14 (2.44) 9 (2.51) 3 (0.48) 3 (1.29) 5 (2.28) Final Sample Size 559 (97.56) 350 (97.49) 628 (99.52) 229 (98.71) 214 (97.72)

Note. For each cell, data is presented as n (%). For the four Asian samples, participants were not asked about

“Educational Qualification”. For the USA East sample, “Parenting Status” and “Nationality” were not asked. “Race” selection was restricted to the most common ones found in the Asian and USA East samples respectively.

52 Table 2.2

Study 2, Positive Parenting: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Manila, Jakarta, and USA Samples

Characteristic Categories Manila Sample Phase 1 & 2; n (%) Jakarta Sample – Phase 2; n (%) USA Sample – Phase 2; n (%) Gender Men 222 (39.93) 154 (39.09) 85 (39.72) Women 327 (58.81) 225 (57.11) 129 (60.28) Did not specify 7 (1.26) 15 (3.81) 0 (0.00) Age (years) 20-29 38 (6.83) 103 (26.14) 84 (39.25) 30-39 235 (42.27) 142 (36.04) 42 (19.63) 40-49 228 (41.01) 111 (28.17) 38 (17.76) >= 50 49 (8.81) 22 (5.58) 50 (23.36) Did not specify 6 (1.08) 16 (4.06) 0 (0.00) Parenting Status Non parent 106 (18.71) 143 (25.72) N. A. Parent 437 (78.60) 216 (38.85) N. A. Did not specify 15 (2.70) 35 (35.43) N. A. Educational

Qualification Master’s Degree & Above N. A. N. A. 52 (24.30) Postgraduate N. A. N. A. 11 (5.14) Bachelor’s Degree N. A. N. A. 87 (40.65) High School N. A. N. A. 45 (21.03)

Others N. A. N. A. 17 (7.94)

Did not specify N. A. N. A. 2 (0.93) Race Chinese 3 (0.54) 164 (80.51) N. A. Indian N.A. 2 (2.38) N. A. Indonesian N.A. 197 (0.79) N. A. Filipino 540 (97.12) 4 (14.42) N. A. Caucasian / White 1 (0.18) 1 (0.32) 91 (42.52) Black N. A. N. A. 85 (39.72) Latino N. A. N. A. 15 (7.01) Asian N. A. N. A. 9 (4.21) Others 3 (0.54) 6 (1.43) 13 (6.07) Did not specify 9 (1.62) 20 (0.16) 1 (0.47) Nationality Malaysian N.A. 1 (0.25) N. A. Indonesian N.A. 366 (92.89) N. A. Indian 1 (0.43) N.A. N. A. Filipino 546 (98.20) 5 (1.27) N. A. Others 4 (0.72) 5 (1.27) N. A. Did not specify 6 (1.08) 17 (4.31) N. A. Total 556 (100.0) 394 (100.0) 214 (100.0) Final Sample Size* Fathers 520 (93.53) 366 (92.89) 204 (95.33) Mothers 538 (96.76) 383 (97.21) 214 (100.0)

Note. For each cell, data is presented as n (%).

* Manila: Father sample removed 36 who did not grow up with a father, Mother sample removed 18 who did not grow up with a mother; Jakarta: Father sample removed 28 who did not grow up with a father, Mother sample removed 11 who did not grow up with a mother; USA: Father sample removed 10 who did not grow up with a father, no further participants were removed for the mother sample.

Table 2.3

Study 3, Negative Parenting: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants in the Singapore, Manila, Jakarta, and USA Samples

Characteristic Categories Singapore sample for EFA - Phase 1;

n (%)

Manila sample for EFA - Phase

2 & 3; n (%)

Jakarta sample for CFA - Phase

3; n (%) USA sample for CFA - Phase 3; n (%) Gender Men 252 (40.32) 222 (39.93) 154 (39.09) 85 (39.72) Women 371 (59.36) 327 (58.81) 225 (57.11) 129 (60.28) Did not specify 2 (0.32) 7 (1.26) 15 (3.81) 0 (0.00)

19 17 (2.72) N. A. N. A. N. A.

Age (years) 20-29 87 (13.92) 38 (6.83) 103 (26.14) 84 (39.25) 30-39 271 (43.36) 235 (42.27) 142 (36.04) 42 (19.63) 40-49 216 (34.40) 228 (41.01) 111 (28.17) 38 (17.76) >= 50 34 (5.44) 49 (8.81) 22 (5.58) 50 (23.36) Did not specify 1 (0.16) 6 (1.08) 16 (4.06) 0 (0.00) Parenting Status Non parent 260 (41.60) 106 (18.71) 143 (25.72) N. A. Parent 328 (52.48) 437 (78.60) 216 (38.85) N. A. Did not specify 37 (5.92) 15 (2.70) 35 (35.43) N. A. Race Chinese 526 (84.16) 3 (0.54) 164 (80.51) N. A. Malay 1 (0.16) N. A. N. A. N. A. Indian 12 (1.92) N.A. 2 (2.38) N. A. Indonesian N. A. N.A. 197 (0.79) N. A. Filipino N. A. 540 (97.12) 4 (14.42) N. A. Caucasian / White N. A. 1 (0.18) 1 (0.32) 91 (42.52) Black N. A. N. A. N. A. 85 (39.72) Latino N. A. N. A. N. A. 15 (7.01) Asian N. A. N. A. N. A. 9 (4.21) Others 83 (13.28) 3 (0.54) 6 (1.43) 13 (6.07) Did not specify 3 (0.48) 9 (1.62) 20 (0.16) 1 (0.47) Educational

Qualification

Masters Degree & above N. A. N. A. N. A. 52 (24.30) Postgraduate N. A. N. A. N. A. 11 (5.14) Bachelors Degree N. A. N. A. N. A. 87 (40.65) High School N. A. N. A. N. A. 45 (21.03) Others N. A. N. A. N. A. 17 (7.94) Did not specify N. A. N. A. N. A. 2 (0.93) Nationality Singaporean 425 (68.00) N. A. N. A. N. A. Non-Singaporean 198 (31.68) N. A. N. A. N. A. Malaysian N. A. N.A. 1 (0.25) N. A. Indonesian N. A. N.A. 366 (92.89) N. A. Indian N. A. 1 (0.43) N.A. N. A. Filipino N. A. 546 (98.20) 5 (1.27) N. A. Others N. A. 4 (0.72) 5 (1.27) N. A. Did not specify 2 (0.32) 6 (1.08) 17 (4.31) N. A. Total 625 (100.0) 556 (100.0) 394 (100.0) 214 (100.0) Final Sample Size* Fathers 582 (93.12) 520 (93.53) 366 (92.89) 204 (95.33) Mothers 617 (98.72) 538 (96.76) 383 (97.21) 214 (100.0)

Note: for each cell, data is presented as n (%).

54 Figure 2-A

Flow Chart of Methodology for Study 1, 2 and 3

Study 1 – YPSQ

Study 2 – PPSI

Stage 1 – Development of Initial Item Pool for YPSQ (Phase 1)

Stage 2 - Administration of Initial Item Pool of YPSQ and Other Questionnaires to Nonclinical Community Samples from Manila A, and Bangalore Samples (Phase 1)

Stage 3 -- Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of Initial Item Pool of YPSQ using Manila A and Bangalore Samples (Phase 1)

Stage 4 -Development of Shorter and Final Version of YPSQ, and Administration of the Shorter Version YPSQ to Singapore B Sample (Phase 2)

Stage 5 - Construct, Convergent, Divergent, and Incremental Validity Analyses of YPSQ on Singapore B Sample (Phase 3)

Stage 6 - Administration of Final Version of YPSQ to USA East Sample (Phase 3)

Stage 7 - Single and Multigroup CFA of Final Version of YPSQ on Kuala Lumpur, and USA East Samples (Phase 3)

Stage 1 – Development of Initial Item Pool for PPSI (Phase 1)

Stage 2 - Administration of Initial Item Pool of PPSI and Other Questionnaires to Nonclinical Community Samples to Manila B Sample (Phase 1)

Stage 3 - EFA of Initial Item Pool of PPSI Using Manila B Sample (Phase 1)

Stage 4 -Development of Shorter and Final Version of PPSI (Phase 1)

Stage 5 - Construct, Convergent, Divergent, and Incremental Validity Analyses of Final Version of PPSI on Manila B Sample (Phase 2)

Stage 6 - Single and Multigroup CFA of Final Version of PPSI on Jakarta and USA Samples (Phase 2)

Figure 2-A (Continued)

Study 3 – YPI-R2

group step by step on how to administer the project effectively. All hard copies of the responses of all participants from all six cities were brought to Singapore, where they were analysed.

The specific methodologies for studies 1, 2 and 3 are described in the “Procedures and Statistical Analyses” sections of Chapters 3, 4, & 5, respectively (sections 3.4, 4.34, and 5.4); a selected few are highlighted here in greater detail.

In document Clinical Psychology: Development of Measures for Schema Therapy (Page 51-56)