The Census 2006 PUMF data can also be used to profile those recent immigrants who have succeeded in the labour market. Any definition of success is, of course, to a certain extent arbitrary. Nevertheless, for the purposes here, success is defined as reporting employment income in excess of the average reported by non-immigrants in the 25 to 64 age group. This amounts to $47,635 for men and $27,089 for women.
This definition of success as earning employment income in excess of the average is based on the fact that, on average, those earning less than the average receive more in government services than they pay in taxes.2 This means that they represent a net fiscal burden on other Canadian taxpayers. While there are obviously other benefits (and costs) from immigration that can be considered, it is generally agreed that they are small and that most of the benefits from immigration accrue to the immigrant themselves. In addition, these benefits (and costs) are often indirect and more difficult to measure in comparison the direct fiscal benefits and costs of immigration. Hence, the definition of success utilized here is based on average earnings and the likelihood that the immigrant will receive more in benefits than he/she pays in taxes to Canadian governments.
By the criterion of earning employment income in excess of the average, only 384,596 out of the 1,541,749 or a quarter of the recent immigrants who came to Canada from
1990 to 2004, stayed, and were age 25-64 in 2006 could be considered successful. This means that Canada is admitting many more immigrants than can be successfully
integrated in the Canadian labour market. The obvious implication of this is that Canada should substantially reduce the targeted immigration levels to the extent that immigration policy is guided by the country’s economic interests in raising per capita income.
It is interesting to compare the proportion of the immigrants who are classified as successful compared to the totals coming from the various countries and regions (Table 9). Countries or regions with a higher proportion of successful recent immigrants are the United States, Jamaica, the United Kingdom, other European countries, other Africa, the Phillipines, and Oceania and others. Countries with lower proportions are Central
America, South America, Eastern Africa, Northern Africa, West Central Asia and the Middle East, China, Other Eastern Asia, Other Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan, and Other Southern Asia, In many of these countries or regions as few as one in five recent
Table 9: A Profile of Successful Recent Immigrants by Country or Region Place of Birth Total Recent Immigrants Proportion of Total Number of Successful Recent Immigrants Proportion of Successful Successful as Proportion of Total
United States of America 26,377 1.71 10,469 2.66 37.4 Central America 36,921 2.39 7,399 2.10 21.1 Jamaica 24,490 1.59 7,288 1.90 28.9 Other Caribbean and
Bermuda 43,580 2.83 9,878 2.50 21.3 South America 62,003 4.02 14,872 3.73 22.4 United Kingdom 32,222 2.09 15,760 4.06 46.8 Germany 8,472 0.55 3,330 0.86 37.6 Other Northern and
Western Europe 29,263 1.90 11,468 2.94 37.3 Poland 35,848 2.33 12,985 3.34 34.7 Other Eastern Europe 112,205 7.28 40,805 10.42 34.5 Italy 3,145 0.20 888 0.28 32.9 Portugal 11,394 0.74 3,551 0.97 31.5 Other Southern Europe 47,020 3.05 16,278 4.37 34.5 Eastern Africa 37,882 2.46 8,250 2.10 20.6 Northern Africa 49,758 3.23 9,545 2.72 20.3 Other Africa 37,882 2.46 11,838 3.14 30.8 West Central Asia and the
Middle East 127,076 8.24 22,826 6.36 18.6 China, People's Republic of 186,934 12.12 38,585 9.66 19.2 Hong Kong, Special
Administrative Region 74,618 4.84 19,570 4.84 24.1 Other Eastern Asia 77,837 5.05 10,321 2.51 12.0 Philippines 111,021 7.20 35,774 7.89 26.4 Other Southeast Asia 55,455 3.60 12,948 3.02 20.2 India 166,624 10.81 35,367 9.90 22.1 Pakistan 56,195 3.64 9,175 2.87 19.0 Other Southern Asia 73,323 4.76 11,764 3.83 19.4 Oceania and others 13,429 0.87 3,662 1.05 28.9 Note: Success is defined as reporting employment income in excess of the average reported by non- immigrants in the 25 to 64 age group of $47,634.58 for men and $27,089.47 for women.
A comparison of the profile of successful recent immigrants with the total population is very instructive (Table 10). Apparently, Visible Minority status is slightly more common among successful recent immigrant men, but less common among successful women. The extent to which successful recent immigrant men and women both have at least a Bachelors degree (56.0 per cent for successful men versus 38.9 per cent for all and 51.1 per cent for successful women versus 35.7 per cent for all women) is telling. The greater prevalence of more advanced degrees – Masters, and Doctorates – is also significant. But most important of all is that location of the studies of successful recent immigrants in North America and Europe (53.4 per cent of successful men compared to 35.8 of all men and 50.6 per cent of successful women compared to 32.5 per cent for all women). This in effect means that more than half of successful immigrants obtained their highest
certificate, diploma or degree above the secondary (high) school level in North America or Europe with Canada (accounting for 25.5 per cent of the location of study for men and 31.0 per cent for women) and Europe (22.8 per cent for men and 16.3 per cent for
women) being the main locations of the advanced education.
Concerning language knowledge and skills, having an English Mother Tongue was the characteristic that most distinguished successful recent immigrants from the overall group. Having a French Mother Tongue was also helpful, but to a much lesser degree. Knowledge of English also has a positive effect. Curiously, though, Knowledge of French has a negative effect.
The comparison of the profiles of successful and all recent immigrants underlines the importance of language skills, particularly English, and higher education, especially that
obtained in North America and Europe. It also shows that recent immigrants from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Northern and Western Europe are more likely to be successful.
Table 10: Comparison of Successful Recent Immigrants with All Recent Immigrants
Men Women
Successful All Successful All
Avg. Emp. Inc. $ 83,002 34,011 48,168 18,433 No.in sample 4,592 19,479 5,806 22,196 No.in pop. 169,879 720,617 214,791 821,132 Visible Minority % 86.6 74.2 68.2 76.0 BA or higher % 56.0 38.9 51.1 35.7 Bachelor's degree % 29.4 23.4 29.9 22.2 Univ.cert./dipl. Above % 5.7 4.1 5.6 3.7 Deg.in medicine, dentistry, veterinary
medicine, or optometry % 1.5 0.9 1.6 1.2 Master's % 18.2 11.6 12.0 7.8 Doctorate % 5.7 2.6 2.0 0.9 Location of Studies North America or
Europe % 53.4 35.8 50.6 32.5 Location of Studies Canada % 25.5 19.0 31.0 19.7 Location of Studies US % 5.2 3.0 3.3 2.0 Location of Studies Europe % 22.8 13.8 16.3 10.9 Location of Studies Other % 32.9 33.8 33.7 33.4 Mother Tongue Eng. Or French % 22.5 15.4 21.2 15.0 Mother Tongue English % 20.9 14.8 20.8 14.9 Mother Tongue French % 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.0 Knowledge of Eng % 85.4 79.2 83.7 77.1 Knowledge of French % 1.1 3.3 1.8 4.3 Knowledge of Both% 12.5 11.9 12.7 10.0 Note: Success is defined as reporting employment income in excess of the average reported by non-immigrants in the 25 to 64 age group of $47,635 for men and $27,089 for women.