Description
Dam Failure: A dam failure is the collapse, breach, or other failure resulting in
downstream flooding. A dam is an artificial barrier usually constructed across a stream channel to impound water. Timber, rock, concrete, earth, steel, or a combination of these materials may be used to build the dam. A dam that impounds water in the upstream area is referred to as a reservoir. The amount of water impounded is
measured in acre-feet. An acre-foot is the volume of water that covers an acre of land to a depth of one foot. As a function of upstream topography, even a very small dam may impound or detain acre-feet of water. Two factors influence the potential severity of a full or partial dam failure: the amount of water impounded, and the density, type, and value of development and infrastructure located downstream.
Location
The Planning Area is affected by Dam Failure
John Redmond Dam is a high hazard dam located at the headwaters of the Neosho River near Burlington, Coffey County, Kansas. The Neosho River runs along the City of Miami on the northwestern side into the city limits along the south side at
Riverview Park. John Redmond is the northern most point of the Neosho River Basin.
The project is an earthen fill embankment that began operation in 1964. The U. S.
Army Corp of Engineers regulates the John Redmond flood pool. Although the dam is not located in the Planning Area, the Planning Area would be impacted should the John Redmond Reservoir dam fail.
Extent
The U. S. Army Corp of Engineers has advised the officials of Miami that a failure of John Redmond Dam would cause major flooding in the city due to the nearness of the Neosho River.
The maps and graphs listed below illustrate dam failure inundation. Should the John Redmond Dam fail in a “Normal High” level capacity, as represented as a blue shaded area on maps 64, 65, 66, and 67, floodwaters would reach the planning area in two days and approximately eighteen to twenty-two hours. If the dam failed in a
“Maximum” level capacity, as represented as a pink shaded area, floodwaters would reach the planning area in one day and approximately nine to twenty-two hours.
The Pool Scenario graphs listed below the inundation maps provide flood depth data for “Normal High” and “Maximum” Pool Scenario occurrences. These graphs contain cross-sectional lines that correspond to the black lines listed on the inundation maps.
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John Redmond Inundation Map 2013
Inundation Maps – U. S. Army Corp of Engineers
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26 Previous Occurrence
The City of Miami has not experienced Dam Failure.
Probability of Future Events
The potential for John Redmond to collapse, breach, or fail is LOW. However, it is possible considering the design and age of the dam.
Vulnerability and Impact
Miami, located within the proximity and downstream of the dam’s designated hazard area, may have a reduced vulnerability yet may still experience significant economic loss and/or disruption of lifeline facilities in the event of a dam failure.
Failure, collapse, or breach of this dam would impact the entire Planning Area.
Jurisdiction Vulnerability Impact
City of Miami The eastern and southeastern area of Miami, which is in or near the inundation zones depicted on maps 64 and 66, contain many businesses. In addition, there is also one fire department which would be affected should a Maximum capacity Dam Failure occur.
The western and southwestern area of Miami, which is in or near the inundation zones depicted on maps 65 and 67, contain many residential structures which would be affected should a Normal High or Maximum capacity Dam Failure occur. The vulnerability for impact would be greatest in this area due to the proximity of the Neosho River.
In addition, roadways will be water covered and prevent access into and out of the Planning Area.
Loss of property and possible loss of life can be a result of dam failure.
Economic loss will occur when business is disrupted and services in the Planning Area become limited.
Critical facilities would be impacted, with a potential loss of operations and disruption of services.
Impacted residential structures would displace citizens.
There would be a lack of ingress and egress for the city due to flooding. Food, fuel, and other life essential supplies would be affected.
Miami Public School District
Miami HS, located in the southeastern area of Miami, is in the inundation zone depicted on map 67. This school would be affected should a Maximum capacity Dam Failure occur.
Flooded roadways will prevent necessary services provided by the school facilities.
A loss of structures, accessibility, and curriculum for students and faculty. Disruption of educational services to students in the
Planning Area.
Ingress and egress would be difficult with flooded roadways, and transportation to and from school would be limited.
Many children rely on school meals for their dietary needs and a loss of operations would disrupt this food chain.
28 3.4.2 Drought
Description Drought
A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. If dry weather persists and water supply problems develop, the dry period can become a drought.
Location
The entire Planning Area is affected by Drought.
Extent
The Planning Area uses the U.S. Drought Monitor to categorize Drought, which is updated weekly by the National Drought Mitigation Center and is represented in map form. An example of this map is below. This tool monitors rainfall trends and
determines Drought impacts. In addition to providing an effective comparison between the lack of rainfall versus normal rainfall values, it also assesses Drought based on agriculture and reservoir conditions as well. There are five categories on the Drought Monitor: D0 (abnormally dry), D1 (moderate drought), D2 (severe drought), D3 (extreme drought), D4 (exceptional drought). It should be noted that the Drought Monitor focuses on broad-scale conditions, and local conditions may vary. The Planning Area experiences all categories on the Drought Monitor.
Previous Occurrences
Drought Events, 2010-2019
From the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents
Date Crop
Damage
Description
July - August 2018
None A typical summertime weather pattern affected eastern Oklahoma during July 2018 and received below average rainfall. These conditions resulted in a continuation of severe drought (D2) across the region. An unusually wet August brought several rounds of heavy rainfall. As a result, long-term drought conditions were eliminated over much of the area.
May –June 2014
None Continued dry weather in May, combined with the rather dry conditions that had prevailed across the region since winter promoted the spread of severe drought (D2) across much of northeastern Oklahoma.
January - March 2013
None Very few rainfall events occurred during the month of January over Oklahoma. D2 (severe) drought conditions were present. Due to the persistent dry pattern the area had
experienced for much of 2012, the rainfall during January 2013 generally resulted in only a very slight improvement in the overall drought conditions over eastern Oklahoma. Much of the region remained in extreme drought (D3) conditions.
July - December 2012
None Abnormally dry conditions were present at the beginning of the month but D3 (extreme) drought developed by the end of July with persistent dry conditions. Very few rainfall events occurred during the following month into December over Oklahoma. This allowed exceptional drought (D4) conditions to persist or even worsen in some areas.
August - November 2011
None Due to a persistent subtropical ridge of high-pressure dominating weather across south central US during August, prolonged hot and dry weather. Drought conditions worsened in eastern Oklahoma. Exceptional drought conditions continued in September into October and November. Rainfall in November improved the severe drought conditions.
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The percentage of drought for Oklahoma from 2000 to 2020 indicates the period 2010-2019 tends to follow the State of Oklahoma data with a few exceptions for the
Planning Area.
https://www.drought.gov/drought/states/oklahoma
Probability of Future Events
The probability of future Drought events in the Planning Area is MEDIUM.
Vulnerability and Impact
Drought is a natural part of Oklahoma’s climate that will continue to impact Miami’s ability to accommodate the needs of water users and provide essential municipal operations and services.
Miami supplies water service to residents and several developed areas outside of the city limits. A higher rate of consumption may also occur during a Drought.
Miami Public School District depends on the City for ample water for each school location. Practice fields and playground areas with natural grass may require irrigation during times of drought.
Miami has various sections of land that are leased to area farmers. The damaging effects of drought can lead to crop failure.
Jurisdiction Vulnerability Impact
City of Miami The city has a water aquifer that supplies the city with water. When drought occurs, this water table is placed in jeopardy.
Water usage by citizens and business cause a greater need for water and city facilities are then at a higher risk of breaking parts that supply water.
A depleted water table will result in a loss of revenue for the city as it supplies water to citizens for a fee.
When parts break due to high volume of use, lack of water pressure and complete lack of water available to residents can occur. Obtaining correct parts in a Timely manner will delay return of service to residents and/or businesses.
Miami Public School District
Miami Public Schools depend on the city to provide water to all school locations.
Periods of Drought, and
subsequent water bans, result in cracking of the soil and uneven surfaces for playgrounds and practice fields with natural grass. This could result in student injury and can make the area unusable for long periods of time.
32 3.4.3 Earthquake
Description
An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
Most earthquakes occur as the result of slowly accumulating pressure that causes the ground to slip abruptly along a geological fault plane on or near a plate boundary. The resulting waves of vibration within the earth create ground motion at the surface that vibrates in a very complex manner.
The City of Miami rests in the Ozark Uplift, (which is primarily located in Arkansas and Missouri), and next to the Northern Shelf Area.
Location
The entire Planning Area is affected by Earthquakes.
Extent
The Planning Area uses the Modified Mercalli Scale to categorize Earthquake. While residents have on occasion experienced slight Earthquake movement, Earthquake events of any Magnitude and/or Mercalli value have not been recorded in the past ten years. Given the unpredictability of Earthquake events, the Planning Area expects to experience Earthquakes that range from Mercalli value I-IV.
The Modified Mercalli Scale with Richter Magnitude Approximations Richter
Magnitude Mercalli Description Earthquake Effects
1-2 I
Instrumental
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
2-3 II
Feeble
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
3-4 III
Slight
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly.
Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
4 IV
Moderate
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed;
walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
4-5 V
Rather Strong
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
5-6 VI
Strong
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved;
a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
6 VII
Very Strong
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
6-7 VIII
Destructive
Damage slight in specially designed structures;
considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
7 IX
Ruinous
Damage considerable in specially designed structures;
well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb.
Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
7-8 X
Disastrous
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations.
Rails bent.
8 XI
Very Disastrous
Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
8+ XII Catastrophic
Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted.
Objects thrown into the air.
Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php
Previous Occurrences
According to data obtained from the Oklahoma Geological Survey Earthquake Catalog, there have been no Earthquake events recorded in the Planning Area, or in Ottawa County, OK from 2010-2019. Having said that, residents in the Planning Area have reported feeling minor Earthquake movement on occasion. Residents in the Planning Area have felt earthquakes that occurred in other areas of the state. In Pawnee County in central Oklahoma on September 3, 2016, a 5.8 magnitude
earthquake occurred. On September 7, 2016, an earthquake of 5.0 magnitude occurred near Cushing in Lincoln County, Oklahoma. Both earthquake events were felt in Miami with no reported damages.
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According to the Oklahoma Geological Survey staff, movement can be felt and not be recorded on seismic monitoring devices if the movement is very minor and if the Planning Area is not located near a monitoring device.
Probability of Future Events
The probability of future Earthquake events in the Planning Area is LOW.
Vulnerability and Impact
A large majority of structures in the Planning Area were built in the early1950’s with little regard to earthquake vulnerability. The City of Miami has adopted and abides by the 2015 International Residential Code and 2015 International Building Code, both of which address seismic design. The Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) participates annually in the National Earthquake exercise. However, this educational exercise is not practiced in the local school systems or businesses.
Jurisdiction Vulnerability Impact
City of Miami The roadways, bridges, and utility infrastructures of Miami were not built to sustain an Earthquake event, making them vulnerable should a significant Earthquake occur.
Damage to roadways and bridges would disrupt
transportation routes and force residents and emergency personnel to seek alternative routes. Damage to utility infrastructure could result in a loss of electrical, sanitation, or communication services. If that were to occur, it would impede emergency service operations and limit the delivery of essential supplies for life sustainment.
Miami Public School District
None of the schools have strapping for shelves and equipment to prevent tipping during an Earthquake event.
Unstable shelving and
equipment can injure students and staff during an Earthquake event.
Damage to equipment can result in an economic and capability loss to schools, potentially causing a disruption to school operations and the burden of unexpected costs for repair and replacement.
3.4.4 Extreme Heat Description
Extreme Heat: Summertime temperatures routinely climb above the 100-degree mark, which can create very uncomfortable conditions when combined with high dew point. Temperatures that hover 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature for an area, and last for several days or longer, is one measure of extreme heat. In addition, humid or muggy conditions can persist, and air quality can deteriorate during the summer when a dome of high atmospheric pressure creates a temperature inversion that traps a stagnant air mass near the ground.
Location
The entire Planning Area is affected by Extreme Heat.
Extent
The Planning Area uses the National Weather Service Heat Index Scale to monitor Extreme Heat. An example of this map is below. The Planning Area can experience index ranges that fall in the Caution to the Extreme Danger categories.
36 Previous Occurrences
Extreme Heat Events, 2010-2019
From the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents
Date Description
July 2019 An upper level ridge of high pressure over south central US resulted in unseasonably hot weather in late July. Temperatures climbed to the 90s over eastern Oklahoma with a heat index of 110-115 degrees.
July 2018 An upper level ridge of high pressure over south central US resulted in unseasonably hot weather in late July. Temperatures climbed to 100-105 over eastern Oklahoma with a heat index of 105-112 degrees.
July 2017 Unseasonably hot temperatures combine with high humidity resulted in excessive heat across northeastern Oklahoma. Temperatures climbed into the mid-90s to near 100 with a heat index value of 105-110 degrees.
July 2015 A ridge of high pressure over southwestern Oklahoma promoted strong subsidence across eastern Oklahoma. Unseasonably hot temperatures in the upper 90s with high humidity resulted in heat index values of 110-115 degrees.
June 2013 Unseasonably hot temperatures combine with high humidity resulted in excessive heat across northeastern Oklahoma. Temperatures climbed into the mid-90s to near 100 with a heat index value of 105-110 degrees.
July – August 2012
Extremely hot temperatures and high humidity combined produced dangerously hot weather over eastern Oklahoma. Daily heat index values were 105-111 degrees. This even continued into August with continued heat index values of 105-115 degrees with little relief occurring at night.
June – August 2011
A strong ridge of high pressure in early June produced high temperatures of 100-104 with mostly clear skies. Heat index values were 105-110. This continued into July. Daytime temperatures rose above 100 degrees on all, but two days and heat index values were 105-115 degrees. This continued into August. August was the 5th hottest August on record since 1905. Daily temperature exceeded 100 degrees and with humidity resulted in afternoon heat indices in the 105-115-degree range.
June – August 2010
Temperatures in the middle to upper 90s combined with high humidity resulted in a period of excessive heat in eastern Oklahoma. Afternoon heat indices reached 105 to 110 during June. July experienced rainfall in the first part of the month that resulted in highly saturated soils causing afternoon heat index values of 105-115. August again had exceptionally hot weather with day-time temperatures of 101-106 degrees which produced 105-115-degree heat index values.
Probability of Future Events
The probability of future Extreme Heat events in the Planning Area is HIGH.
Vulnerability and Impact
Miami supplies electric service to residents and several developed areas outside of the city limits. During times of extreme heat, excessive usage occurs. This can cause outages due to aged infrastructure.
Miami Public School District depends on the City for electric service for each school location. Each location must maintain a comfortable temperature conducive to adults and children’s needs during the school term and during certain school activities.
Jurisdiction Vulnerability Impact
City of Miami The city supplies electric service. During times of extreme heat, services routinely suffer outages due to the system being
overloaded.
Many critical facilities do not have backup generation for cooling purposes.
In addition, Miami does not have any community Cooling Stations.
Facilities during extreme heat
Facilities during extreme heat