Proper names

3.1.1 Surnames

A Chinese name is expressed with the ྦྷ xìng, surname /last name/

family name, followed by the ৡmíng, personal/fi rst/given name.

A married woman usually keeps her own surname . Children usually inherit their father’s surname , although it is legal to take on their mother’s surname . And, indeed, some do take their mother’s surname .

In 2006, a study which used the names of 296 million people of the entire 1.3 billion population, found that there are 4,100 surnames. It found that 129 surnames account for 87% of the whole population. The three most widely used surnames are ᴢ Lî ˇ (7.4%),

⥟ Wáng (7.2%), and ᓴ Zhāng (6.8%).

Most of the surnames are monosyllabic, ऩྦྷ dānxìng, but some are also disyllabic, ໡ྦྷfùxìng. Chinese usually ask other people’s names by fi rst asking their surnames: ᙼ䌉ྦྷ˛Nín guìxìng?

People normally respond by giving their surname : ៥ྦྷ X, Wo ˇ xìng X. Sometimes this may be followed by a verbal explanation or description of the character used for the surname by dividing it up into its constituent parts or by using a famous person’s surname as an illustration. Sometimes, people may use their index fi nger to write the character in the air or on their palm for people to see.

The following are some major surnames and some examples of their conventional explanations.

Ten major surnames:

Character Pinyin Explanation

ᴢ Lî ˇ ᳼ mù ᄤ zî ˇ ᴢ L

⥟ Wáng ϝ sān ῾ héng ⥟ Wáng

ᓴ Zhāng ᓧgōng 䭓 cháng ᓴ Zhāng

Character Pinyin Explanation

߬ Líu ߬ Líu ໛ Bèi de ߬ Líu

䰜 Chén 㘇 ěr ϰ dōng 䰜 Chén

ᴼ Yáng ᳼ mù ᯧ yì ᴼ Yáng

咘 Huáng 咘 huáng 买㡆 yánsè de

咘 Huáng

䍉 Zhào 䍉 Zhào 䪅 Qián ᄭ Sūn

ᴢ Lî ˇ de 䍉 Zhào

਼ Zhōu ਼ᳱ Zhōucháo de ਼ Zhōu

ਈ Wú ষ ko ˇ u ໽ tiān ਈ Wú

Next ten surnames:

ᕤ Xú

ᄭ Sūn

ᴅ Zhū

偀 Ma ˇ

㚵 Hú

䛁 Guō

ᵫ Lín

ԩ Hé

催 Gāo

ṕ Liáng

Double surnames:

݀ᄭ Gōngsūn

⃻䰇 Ōuyáng

Ϟᅬ Shàngguān

ৌ偀 Sīma ˇ

ৌᕦ Sītú

㽓䮼 Xīmén

䇌㨯 Zhūgě

Rare surnames:

∫ Hàn

㗕 La ˇ o

䲒 Nán

ᆓ Sù

೒ Tú

ॅ Wēi

ᆄ Za ˇ i

3.1.2 Personal names

There are no set Chinese personal or fi rst names. Han Chinese personal names are usually either disyllabic, ঠৡ shuāngmíng, or monosyllabic, ऩৡ dānmíng. In the past half a century, there has been a tendency for more and more people to have monosyllabic personal names in China. This may increase the possibility of more people having the same names by coincidence. Traditionally, and still observed by some families, in disyllabic names, one of the characters is a generation name. Usually the fi rst one is the generation name which all the children, especially males, will have, for example: ᆠ䌉 Fùguì, ᆠ⼹ Fùxiáng. Some may have the second as their generation name, for example: ᆠ⼹ Fùxiáng, 䌉⼹ Guìxiáng. Children are usually given names which have good meanings, or impressive words from classical writings. Generally speaking, males are given names which express or imply strength, high aspirations, glorifi cation of the ancestors, or goodwill; female names express or imply gentleness, beauty, colors, or preciousness. In any case, people usually try to avoid a combination of surnames and personal names that could sound funny or ridiculous. For example: ਈ㛑 Wú Néng, which sounds like: ᮴㛑 wúnéng, meaning “incompetent,” or ਈ⧚ Wú Lî ˇ which sounds like ᮴⧚ wúlî ˇ , meaning “unreasonable.” It is almost a taboo to name children after their parents, relatives, ancestors, or friends.

According to statistics, in 1984 the ten most frequently used characters appearing in fi rst names were:

㣅 yīng fl ower, outstanding person ढ huá magnifi cent, splendid

⥝ yù jade, beautiful

⾔ xiù elegant, beautiful ᯢ míng bright, brilliant

⦡ zhēn precious, valuable

᭛ wén civil, refi ned

3.1 Proper names

㢇 fāng fragrant, virtuous

݄ lán orchid

೑ guó nation, state

3.1.3 Continents

The seven continents are:

Asia Ѯ⌆ Yàzhōu

Africa 䴲⌆ Fēizhōu

North America ࣫㕢⌆ Běiměizhōu

South America फ㕢⌆ Nánměizhōu

Antarctica फᵕ⌆ Nánjízhōu

Europe ⃻⌆ Ōuzhōu

Oceania/Australia ໻⋟⌆ˋ▇⌆ Dàyángzhōu/Àozhou

3.1.4 Highest peaks in the world

The following peaks are all over 8,000 meters high.

Peak Chinese Pinyin Location

Everest ⦴〚ᳫ⥯

ዄ

Zhūmùla ˇ ngma ˇ fēng Nepal, Tibet K-2 Шៜ䞠ዄ Qiáogélî ˇ fēng Pakistan Kangchenjunga ᑆජゴ௝

ዄ

Gānchéngzhāngjiā fēng

Nepal, India Lhortse ⋯ᄤዄ Luòzî ˇ fēng Nepal Makalu 偀व剕ዄ Ma ˇ ka ˇ lu ˇ fēng Nepal, Tibet Cho Oyu ध༹টዄ Zhuó’àoyo ˇ ufēng Nepal, Tibet Dhaulagiri 䘧ᢝঢ়䞠

ዄ

Dàolājílî ˇ fēng Nepal

Manaslu 偀ᢝᮃ剕

ዄ

Ma ˇ lāsīlu ˇ fēng Nepal Manga Parbat फԑዄ Nángāfēng Pakistan Annapurna ᅝ㒇Ꮧᇨ

㒇ዄ

Ānnàbù’ěrnàfēng Nepal Gasherbrum I ࡴ㟦ᇨᏗ

剕᳼,ዄ

Jiāshū’ěrbùlu ˇ mù I Fēng

China, Pakistan Broad Peak Ꮧ⋯䰓⡍

ዄ

Bùluò’ātèfēng China, Pakistan

Peak Chinese Pinyin Location Gasherbrum II ࡴ㟦ᇨᏗ

剕᳼,,ዄ

Name Chinese Pinyin Location

Himalayan Greater Hinggan

Mountains

῾ᮁቅቅ㛝 Héngduànshān Shānmài

Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Taiwan Mountain

Range

ৄ⑒ቅ㛝 Táiwān

Shānmài

Taiwan

3.1.6 Oceans

There are fi ve oceans on earth. They cover about 70% of the earth’s surface and contain almost 97% of the earth’s water supply.

The fi ve oceans recognized since the year 2000

Pacifi c Ocean ໾ᑇ⋟ Tàipíngyáng Atlantic Ocean ໻㽓⋟ Dàxīyáng

3.1 Proper names

Indian Ocean ॄᑺ⋟ Yìndùyáng Southern Ocean फᵕ⋟ˋफބ

⋟ˋफ໻⋟

Nánjíyáng/

Nánbīngyáng/

Nándàyáng Arctic Ocean ࣫ބ⋟ Běibīngyáng

3.1.7 Seas

It is said that there are ninety-fi ve seas in the world. The table lists some of the better known seas:

The better known seas

Aegean Sea ⠅⨈⍋ Aìqínha ˇ i Andaman Sea ᅝ䖒᳐⍋ Āndámànha ˇ i Baltic Sea ⊶㔫ⱘ⍋ Bōluódìha ˇ i Bering Sea ⱑҸ⍋ Báilìngha ˇ i

Black Sea 咥⍋ Hēiha ˇ i

Bohai Sea ⏸⍋ Bóha ˇ i

Caribbean Sea ࡴࢦ↨⍋ Jiālèbî ˇ ha ˇ i

Coral Sea ⦞⨮⍋ Shānhúha ˇ i

East China Sea ϰ⍋ Dōngha ˇ i Greenland Sea Ḑᵫ݄⍋ Gélínlánha ˇ i Gulf of Mexico ๼㽓હ⑒ Mòxīgēwān

Hudson Bay 䌿ᖋ䗞⑒ Hèdéxùnwān

Japan Sea ᮹ᴀ⍋ Rìběnha ˇ i

Mediterranean Sea ഄЁ⍋ Dìzhōngha ˇ i

North Sea ࣫⍋ Běiha ˇ i

Okhotsk Sea 䛖䳡⃵ܟ⍋ Èhuòcìkèha ˇ i

Red Sea 㑶⍋ Hóngha ˇ i

South China Sea फ⍋ Nánha ˇ i

Yellow Sea 咘⍋ Huángha ˇ i

3.1.8 Major rivers in the world

River Chinese Pinyin Location

Nile ሐ㔫⊇ Níluóhé Africa

Amazon Ѯ偀ᄭ⊇ Yàma ˇ sūnhé South America Changjiang/

Yangtze

䭓∳ˋᡀᄤ

∳

Chángjiāng/

Yángzî ˇ jiāng

China

Huanghe/

Yellow

咘⊇ Huánghé China

Ob/Obi 䛖ढ⊇ Èhuáhé Russia

Heilongjiang/

Amur

咥啭∳ Hēilóngjiāng China

Lena ࢦᣓ⊇ Lènáhé Russia

Congo ߮ᵰ⊇ Gāngguo ˇ hé Africa Mackenzie 偀᳈ѯ⊇ Ma ˇ gèngxiēhé Canada Mekong ␘݀⊇ Méigōnghé Southeast Asia

Niger ሐ᮹ᇨ⊇ Nírì’ěrhé Africa

Yenisey ৊ሐา⊇ Yènísàihé Russia

Parana Ꮘᢝ䙷⊇ Bālānàhé South America Mississippi ᆚ㽓㽓↨⊇ Mìxīxībî ˇ hé USA

Missouri ᆚ㢣䞠⊇ Mìsūlî ˇ hé USA

Volga ӣᇨࡴ⊇ Fú’ěrjiāhé Russia

Purus ᱂剕ᮃ⊇ Pu ˇ lu ˇ sīhé Brazil Madeira 偀ҷ㜞⊇ Ma ˇ dàilàhé Brazil

Yukon 㚆ぎ⊇ Yùkōnghé Canada

Rio Grande Ḑ݄ᖋ⊇ Gélándéhé USA, Mexico Brahmaputra Ꮧᢝ偀᱂⡍

ᢝ⊇

Bùlāma ˇ pu ˇ tèlāhé China, India

Indus ॄᑺ⊇ Yìndùhé Pakistan

Danube ໮⨭⊇ Duōna ˇ ohé Germany St. Lawrence ೷ࢇӺᮃ⊇ Shèngláolúnsīhé Canada Euphrates ᑐথᢝᑩ⊇ Yòufālādî ˇ hé Turkey, Iraq,

etc.

3.1 Proper names

River Chinese Pinyin Location Tigris ᑩḐ䞠ᮃ⊇ Dî ˇ gélî ˇ sīhé Turkey, Iran,

Iraq

Ganges ᘦ⊇ Hénghé Himalayas

Saskatchewan 㧼ᮃ୔ߛ⏽

⊇

Sāsīkāqièwēnhé Canada

Don 乓⊇ Dùnhé Russia

Peace ੠ᑇ⊇ Hépínghé Canada

3.1.9 Rivers in China

There are more than 1,500 rivers in China, each of which drains 1,000 or more square kilometers. The Changjiang River is the longest and the Huanghe River the second longest. The Zhujiang River is the longest in the south. The Changjiang River is also the third longest in the world.

The table lists rivers longer than 1,000 kilometers:

Rivers longer than 1,000 kilometers Changjiang River/

Yangtze River

䭓∳ˋᡀᄤ∳ Chángjiāng/

Yángzî ˇ jiāng Huanghe River/

Yellow River

咘⊇ Huánghé

Heilongjiang River/

Amur River

咥啭∳ Hēilóngjiāng

Zhujiang River/Pearl River

⦴∳ Zhūjiāng

Lancang River ╰≻∳ Láncāngjiāng Talimu River ศ䞠᳼⊇ Ta ˇ lî ˇ mùhé Yaluzangbu River 䲙剕㮣Ꮧ∳ Ya ˇ lu ˇ zàngbùjiāng Nu River/Salween

River

ᗦ∳ Nùjiāng

Songhua River/

Sungari River

ᵒ㢅∳ Sōnghuājiāng

Han River ∝∈ Hànshuî ˇ

Yalong River 䲙⸏∳ Ya ˇ lóngjiāng

Liao River 䖑⊇ Liáohé

Yu River 䚕∳ Yùjiāng Jialing River ௝䱉∳ Jiālíngjiāng

Hai River ⍋⊇ Ha ˇ ihé

Hetian River ੠⬄⊇ Hétiánhé

Nen River/Nonni River

Ⴝ∳ Nènjiāng

Dadu River ໻⏵⊇ Dàdùhé

Yuan River ≙∳ Yuánjiāng

Wu River Р∳ Wūjiāng

Huai River ⏂⊇ Huáihé

3.1.10 Major lakes in the world

Lake Chinese Pinyin Location

Caspian Sea 䞠⍋ Lî ˇ ha ˇ i Russia, Iran

Superior 㢣ᖙ߽␪ Sūbìlìhú USA,

Canada Victoria 㓈໮߽Ѯ␪ Wéiduōlìyàhú Africa

Huron ӥӺ␪ Xiūlúnhú USA,

Canada

Michigan ᆚ㽓ḍ␪ Mìxīgēnhú USA

Tanganyika ഺ㨯ሐ୔␪ Ta ˇ ngěníkāhú Africa

Baikal 䋱ࡴᇨ␪ Bèijiā’ěrhú Russia

Great Bear ໻❞␪ Dàxiónghú Canada

Nyasa ሐѮ㧼␪ Níyàsāhú Africa

Great Slave ໻཈␪ Dànúhú Canada

Chad Сᕫ␪ Zhàdéhú Africa

Erie Ӟ߽␪ Yīlìhú USA,

Canada

Winnipeg ⏽ሐԃ␪ Wēnníbóhú Canada

Ontario ᅝ໻⬹␪ Āndàluèhú USA,

Canada

Ladoga ᢝ໮ࡴ␪ Lāduōjiāhú Russia

3.1 Proper names

Lake Chinese Pinyin Location

Oniga ༹⍙ࡴ␪ Àonièjiāhú Russia

Titicaca ⱘⱘ୔୔␪ Dìdìkākāhú South America Nicaragua ሐࡴᢝ⪰␪ Níjiālāguāhú Nicaragua Athabaska 䰓ᩦᏈᮃव␪ Āsābāsīka ˇ hú Canada Turkana/Rudolf ೒ᇨव㒇␪ˋश

໮ᇨ໿␪

Tú’ěrka ˇ nàhú/

Lúduō’ěrf ūhú

Kenya

Reindeer Ӻ䖾ᇨ␪ Lúndí’ěrhú Canada

Eyre ඗ᇨ␪ Āi’ěrhú South

Australia

Urmia Р㉇Ѯ␪ Wūmî ˇ yàhú Iran

Vänern 㓈㒇ᘽ␪ Wéinà’ēnhú Sweden

Great Salt ໻Ⲥ␪ Dàyánhú USA

Qinghai 䴦⍋␪ Qīngha ˇ ihú China 3.1.11 Lakes in China

According to published statistics, there are around 2,600 lakes which are one square kilometer or over, in China. They include fresh and saltwater lakes.

Some important lakes in China:

Name Chinese Pinyin Province

Poyang Lake 䜅䰇␪ Póyánghú Jiangxi Dongting Lake ⋲ᒁ␪ Dòngtínghú Hunan

Taihu Lake ໾␪ Tàihú Jiangsu

Hongze Lake ⋾⋑␪ Hóngzéhú Jiangsu

Lake Chaohu Ꮆ␪ Cháohú Anhui

Nantian Lake फ⬄␪ Nántiánhú Shandong Lake Dianchi ⒛∴ Diānchí Yunnan Erhai Lake ⌅⍋ Ěrha ˇ i Yunnan Lake Jingpo 䬰⊞␪ Jìngpōhú Heilongjiang Sun Moon

Lake

᮹᳜╁ Rìyuètán Taiwan

Name Chinese Pinyin Province Qinghai Lake/

Koko Nor

䴦⍋␪ Qīngha ˇ ihú Qinghai

Namtso Lake 㒇᳼䫭 Nàmùcuò Tibet

Lake Honghu ⋾␪ Hónghú Hubei

West Lake 㽓␪ Xīhú Zhejiang

3.1.12 Countries and their capitals

Depending on the point of view and who is counting, the number of countries in the world may range from 186 to well over 200.

The more accurate number, however , is believed to be 193, that is, 192 members of the United Nations plus Vatican City. The following table includes most of the countries .

Asia Ѯ⌆ Yàzho¯u

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Afghanistan 䰓ᆠ∫ Āfùhàn Kabul ୔Ꮧᇨ Kābù’ěr

Azerbaijan 䰓าᢰ⭚ Āsàibàijiāng Baku Ꮘᑧ Bākù Bangladesh ᄳࡴᢝ೑ Mèngjiālāguó Dacca 䖒व Dáka ˇ

Bhutan ϡЍ Bùdān Thimphu ᓋᏗ Tíngbù

Brunei ᭛㦅 Wénlái Bandar Seri Begawan

ᮃ䞠Ꮘࡴ⑒

Ꮦ

Sīlî ˇ bājiāwān shì

Burma/

Myanmar

㓙⬌ Mia ˇ ndiàn Rangoon ӄܝ Ya ˇ ngguāng

Cambodia ᷀ඨᆼ Jia ˇ npu ˇ zhài Phnom Penh 䞥䖍 Jīnbiān

China Ё೑ Zhōngguó Beijing ࣫Ҁ Běijīng

Georgia Ш⊏Ѯ Qiáozhìyà Tbilisi ᦤ↨䞠㽓 Tíbî ˇ lî ˇ xī

India ॄᑺ Yìndù New Delhi ᮄᖋ䞠 Xīndélî ˇ

Indonesia ॄᑺሐ㽓Ѯ Yìndùníxīyà Djakarta 䲙ࡴ䖒 Ya ˇ jiādá

Japan ᮹ᴀ Rìběn Tokyo ϰҀ Dōngjīng

Kazakstan वᠢܟᮃഺ Ka ˇ zhákèsīta ˇ n Astana 䰓ᮃഺ㒇 Āsīta ˇ nnà

Korea (South) 䶽೑ Hánguó Seoul ∝ජ Hànchéng

Laos 㗕ᣱ La ˇ owō Vientiane ϛ䈵 Wànxiàng

Malaysia 偀ᴹ㽓Ѯ Ma ˇ láixīyà Kuala Lumpur ঢ়䱚വ Jílóngpō

3.1 Proper names

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin Mongolia 㩭স Měnggu ˇ Ulan Bator Р݄Ꮘᠬ Wūlánbātuō Nepal ሐ⊞ᇨ Nípō’ěr Katmandu ࡴᖋ⒵䛑 Jiādéma ˇ ndū North Korea ᳱ剰 Cháoxia ˇ n Pyongyang ᑇຸ Píngra ˇ ng Pakistan Ꮘ෎ᮃഺ Bājīsīta ˇ n Islamabad Ӟᮃ݄෵ Yīsīlánba ˇ o Philippines 㧆ᕟᆒ Fēil` übīn Manila 偀ሐᢝ Ma ˇ nílā

Russia ֘㔫ᮃ Éluósī Moscow 㥿ᮃ⾥ Mòsīkē

Saudi Arabia ≭⡍䰓ᢝԃ Shātè Ālābó Riyadh ߽䲙ᕫ Lìya ˇ dé Singapore ᮄࡴവ Xīnjiāpō Singapore ᮄࡴവ Xīnjiāpō Sri Lanka ᮃ䞠݄व Sīlî ˇ lánka ˇ Colombo ⾥Ӻവ Kēlúnpō Tajikistan ศঢ়ܟᮃഺ Ta ˇ jíkèsīta ˇ n Dushanbe ᴰᇮ߿ Dùshàngbié

Thailand ⋄೑ Tàiguó Bangkok ᳐䈋 Màngu ˇ

Turkey ೳ㘇݊ Tu ˇ ’ěrqí Ankara ᅝवᢝ Ānka ˇ lā Uzbekistan Рݍ߿ܟ Wūzībiékè Tashkent ศҔᑆ Ta ˇ shígān

Vietnam 䍞फ Yuènán Hanoi ⊇ݙ Hénèi

Africa 䴲⌆ Fe¯ izho¯u

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Algeria 䰓ᇨঞ߽Ѯ Ā’ěrjílìyà Algiers 䰓ᇨঞᇨ Ā’ěrjí’ěr

Angola ᅝહᢝ Āngēlā Luanda 㔫ᅝ䖒 Luó’āndá

Benin 䋱ᅕ Bèiníng Porto Novo ⊶໮䇎ӣ Bōduōnuòfú

Botswana मݍ⪺㒇 Bózīwa ˇ nà Gaborone ࡴम㔫ݙ Jiābóluónèi Cameroon ୔呺䱚 Kāmàilóng Yaoundé 䲙⏽ᕫ Ya ˇ wēndé Cape Verde ԯᕫ㾦 Fódéjia ˇ o Praia ᱂ᢝѮ Púlāyà Central Africa

Republic

Ё䴲݅੠೑ Zhōngfēi Gònghéguó

Banjul ⧁ঢ় Bānjí

Chad Сᕫ Zhàdé N’Djamena ᘽ䌒ṙ㒇 Ēnjia ˇ méinà

Comoros ⾥ᨽ㔫 Kēmóluó Moroni 㥿㔫ሐ Mòluóní

Congo ߮ᵰ Gāngguo ˇ Brazzaville Ꮧ଺᷈㓈 ᇨ

Bùlācháiwéi’ěr Cote d’ivoire 䈵⠭⍋ኌ Xiàngyáha ˇ i’àn Abidjan 䰓↨䅽 Ābî ˇ ràng

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Egypt ඗ঞ Āijí Cairo ᓔ㔫 Kāiluó

Equatorial Guinea

䌸䘧޴ݙѮ Chìdàojî ˇ nèiyà Malabo 偀ᢝम Ma ˇ lābó

Ethiopia ඗า֘↨Ѯ Àisài’ébî ˇ yà Addis Ababa ѮⱘᮃѮ 䋱Ꮘ

Yàdìsīyàbèibā Gambia ݜ↨Ѯ Gāngbî ˇ yà Banjul ⧁⦴ᇨ Bānzhū’ěr

Ghana ࡴ㒇 Jiānà Accra 䰓ܟᢝ Ākèlā

Guinea ޴ݙѮ Jî ˇ nèiyà Conakry ⾥㒇ܟ䞠 Kēnàkèlî ˇ Guinea-Bissau ޴ݙѮ↨㒡 Jî ˇ nèiyàbî ˇ shào Bissau ↨㒡 Bî ˇ shào

Kenya 㚃ሐѮ Kěnníyà Nairobi ݙ㔫↩ Nèiluóbì

Lesotho 㦅㋶ᠬ Láisuo ˇ tuō Maseru 偀าश Ma ˇ sàilú Liberia ߽↨䞠Ѯ Lìbî ˇ lî ˇ yà Monrovia 㩭㔫㓈Ѯ Méngluówéiyà Libya ߽↨Ѯ Lìbî ˇ yà Tripoli ⱘ咢⊶䞠 Dìlíbōlî ˇ Madagascar 偀䖒ࡴᮃࡴ Ma ˇ dájiāsījiā Tananarive ศ䙷䙷߽

ԯ

Ta ˇ nànàlìfó

Malawi 偀ᢝ㓈 Ma ˇ lāwéi Lilongwe ߽䱚ഁ Lìlóngguī Mali 偀䞠 Ma ˇ lî ˇ Bamako Ꮘ偀⾥ Bāma ˇ kē

Morocco ᨽ⋯હ Móluògē Rabat ᢝᏈ⡍ Lābātè

Mozambique 㥿ḥ↨ܟ Mòsāngbî ˇ kè Maputo 偀᱂ᠬ Ma ˇ pu ˇ tuō Namibia 㒇㉇↨Ѯ Nàmî ˇ bî ˇ yà Windhoek ⏽ᕫ੠ܟ Wēndéhékè

Nigeria ሐ᮹߽Ѯ Nírìlìyà Lagos ᢝ৘ᮃ Lāgèsī

Rwanda शᯎ䖒 Lúwàngdá Kigali ෎ࡴ߽ Jījiālì

Sao Tomé and Principe

೷໮㕢੠᱂ᵫ 㽓↨

Shèngduōměi hé Pu ˇ línxībî ˇ

Sao Tomé ೷໮㕢 Shèngduōměi Senegal าݙࡴᇨ Sàinèijiā’ěr Dakar 䖒୔ᇨ Dákā’ěr Seychelles า㟠ᇨ Sàishé’ěr Victoria 㓈໮߽Ѯ Wéiduōlìyà Sierra Leone าᢝ߽ᯖ Sàilālì’áng Freetown ԯ䞠ᬺ Fólî ˇ dūn Somalia ㋶偀䞠 Suo ˇ ma ˇ lî ˇ Mogadishu ᨽࡴ䖾≭ Mójiādíshā South Africa फ䴲 Nánfēi Pretoria ↨ࢦ䰔߽

Ѯ

Bî ˇ lètuólìyà

Sudan 㢣Ѝ Sūdān Khartoum ୔ೳ〚 Kātu ˇ mù

Swaziland ᮃ࿕຿݄ Sīwēishìlán Mbabane ྚᏈᏈ㒇 Mu ˇ bābānà

3.1 Proper names

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Tunisia さሐᮃ Tūnísī Tunis さሐᮃ Tūnísī

Uganda Рᑆ䖒 Wūgāndá Kampala ഢᏩᢝ Ka ˇ npàlā Western Sahara 㽓ᩦજᢝ Xīsāhālā N/A

Zambia 䌲↨Ѯ Zànbî ˇ yà Lusaka श㧼व Lúsāka ˇ Zimbabwe ⋹ᏈᏗ䶺 Jīnbābùwéi Salisbury ㋶ᇨݍԃ

䞠

Suo ˇ ’ěrzībólî ˇ

Central

America Ё㕢⌆ Zho¯ngmeˇ izho¯u

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Belize ԃ䞠ݍ Bólî ˇ zī Belmopan 䋱ᇨ㥿┬ Bèi’ěrmòpān Costa Rica હᮃ䖒咢ࡴ Gēsīdálíjiā San Jose ೷㑺⨳ Shèngyuēsè El Salvador 㧼ᇨ⪺໮ Sā’ěrwa ˇ duō San Salvador ೷㧼ᇨ⪺

໮

Shèngsā’ěrwa ˇ duō

Guatemala ॅഄ偀ᢝ Wēidìma ˇ lā Guatemala City

ॅഄ偀ᢝ Ꮦ

Wēidìma ˇ lāshì Honduras ⋾䛑ᢝᮃ Hóngdūlāsī Tegucigalpa ⡍স㽓ࡴ

ᇨᏈ

Tègu ˇ xījiā’ěrbā Nicaragua ሐࡴᢝ⪰ Níjiālāguā Managua 偀䙷⪰ Ma ˇ nàguā Panama Ꮘᣓ偀 Bānáma ˇ Panama City Ꮘᣓ偀ජ Bānáma ˇ chéng

Caribbean

ࡴࢦ↨

Jia¯ lèbî ˇ

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Antigua and Barbuda

ᅝᦤ⪰੠Ꮘ Ꮧ䖒

Āntíguā hé Bābùdá

St. John’s ೷㑺㗄 Shèngyuēhàn Bahamas, The Ꮘજ偀 Bāhāma ˇ Nassau ᣓ偮 Násāo Barbados ᏈᏈ໮ᮃ Bābāduōsī Bridgetown Ꮧ䞠༛乓 Bùlî ˇ qídūn

Cuba সᏈ Gu ˇ bā Havana જ⪺䙷 Hāwa ˇ nà

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin Grenada Ḑᵫ㒇䖒 Gélínnàdá St. George ೷Ш⊏ Shèngqiáozhì

Haiti ⍋ഄ Ha ˇ idì

Port-au-Prince

໾ᄤ␃ Tàizî ˇ ga ˇ ng

Jamaica ⠭фࡴ Yáma ˇ ijiā Kingston 䞥ᮃᬺ Jīnsīdūn Saint Kitts and

Nevis

೷෎㣼੠ሐ 㓈ᮃ

Shèngjīcī hé Níwéisī

Basseterre Ꮘᮃ⡍ᇨ Bāsītè’ěr

Saint Lucia ೷श㽓Ѯ Shènglúxīyà Castries वᮃ⡍䞠 Ka ˇ sītèlî ˇ Saint Vincent

and the

Kingstown 䞥ᮃᬺ Jīnsīdūn

Trinidad and Tobago

America ࣫㕢⌆ Beˇ imeˇ izho¯u

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Canada ࡴᣓ໻ Jiānádà Ottawa ⏹໾ढ Wòtàihuá

Mexico ๼㽓હ Mòxīgē Mexico City ๼㽓હජ Mòxīgēchéng United States 㕢೑ˋ㕢߽

മড়ӫ೑

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Albania 䰓ᇨᏈሐѮ Ā’ěrbāníyà Tirana ഄᢝ䙷 Dìlānà

Andorra ᅝ䘧ᇨ Āndào’ěr Andorra ᅝ䘧ᇨ Āndào’ěr

Austria ༹ഄ߽ Àodìlì Vienna 㓈г㒇 Wéiyěnà

Belgium ↨߽ᯊ Bî ˇ lìshí Brussels Ꮧ剕าᇨ Bùlu ˇ sài’ěr Bosnia and

Herzegovina

⊶ᮃሐѮ੠

咥าહ㓈䙷

Bōsīníyà hé Hēisàigēwéinà

Sarajevo 㧼ᢝ⛁ぱ Sālārèwō Bulgaria ֱࡴ߽Ѯ Ba ˇ ojiālìyà Sofi a ㋶䴲Ѯ Suo ˇ fēiyà Czech

Republic

᥋ܟ Jiékè Prague ᏗᢝḐ Bùlāgé

Denmark Ѝ呺 Dānmài Copenhagen હᴀજḍ Gēběnhāgēn

3.1 Proper names

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin England/

United Kingdom

㣅೑ˋ㘨ড়

⥟೑

Yīngguó/Liánhé Wángguó

London Ӻᬺ Lúndūn

Finland 㢀݄ Fēnlán Helsinki 䌿ᇨ䕯෎ Hè’ěrxīnjī

France ⊩೑ Fa ˇ guó Paris Ꮘ咢 Bālí

Germany ᖋ೑ Déguó Berlin ᶣᵫ Bólín

Greece Ꮰ㜞 Xīlà Athens 䲙݌ Ya ˇ dia ˇ n

Hungary ࣜ⠭߽ Xiōngyálì Budapest Ꮧ䖒Խᮃ Bùdápèisī

Iceland ބቯ Bīngda ˇ o Reykjavik 䳋ܟ䲙᳾

ܟ

Léikèya ˇ wèikè

Ireland ⠅ᇨ݄ Ài’ěrlán Dublin 䛑ᶣᵫ Dūbólín

Italy ᛣ໻߽ Yìdàlì Rome 㔫偀 Luóma ˇ

Liechtenstein ߫ᬃᬺ຿ⱏ Lièzhīdūnshìdēng Vaduz ⪺ᴰݍ Wa ˇ dùzī Luxembourg शỂ෵ Lúsēnba ˇ o Luxembourg शỂ෵ Lúsēnba ˇ o

Monaco ᨽ㒇હ Mónàgē

Monaco-Ville

ᨽ㒇હ Mónàgē

Netherlands 㥋݄ Hélán Amsterdam 䰓ྚᮃ⡍

Ѝ

Āmu ˇ sītèdān

Norway ᣾࿕ Nuówēi Oslo ༹ᮃ䰚 Àosīlù

Poland ⊶݄ Bōlán Warsaw ढ≭ Huáshā

Portugal 㨵㧘⠭ Pútáoyá Lisbon 䞠ᮃᴀ Lî ˇ sīběn Romania 㔫偀ሐѮ Luóma ˇ níyà Bucharest Ꮧࡴࢦᮃ

⡍

Bùjiālèsītè

Russia ֘㔫ᮃ Éluósī Moscow 㥿ᮃ⾥ Mòsīkē

San Marino ೷偀࡯䇎 Shèngma ˇ lìnuò San Marino ೷偀࡯䇎 Shèngma ˇ lìnuò Spain 㽓⧁⠭ Xībānyá Madrid 偀ᖋ䞠 Ma ˇ délî ˇ

Sweden ⨲݌ Ruìdia ˇ n Stockholm ᮃᖋḐᇨ

ᨽ

Sīdégé’ěrmó

Switzerland ⨲຿ Ruìshì Berne ԃᇨሐ Bó’ěrní

Vatican/Holy See

ẉ㩖ݜˋᬭᓋ Fándìgāng/

Jiàotíng

Middle East Ёϰ Zho¯ngdo¯ng

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Iran Ӟᳫ Yīláng Tehran ᖋ咥݄ Déhēilán

Iraq Ӟᢝܟ Yīlākè Baghdad ᏈḐ䖒 Bāgédá

Israel ҹ㡆߫ Yî ˇ sèliè Jerusalem 㘊䏃ᩦދ Yélùsālěng

Jordan 㑺ᮺ Yuēdàn Amman ᅝ᳐ Ānmàn

Kuwait ⾥࿕⡍ Kēwēitè Kuwait ⾥࿕⡍ Kēwēitè

Lebanon 咢ᏈႽ Líbānèn Beirut 䋱剕⡍ Bèilu ˇ tè

Oman 䰓᳐ Āmàn Muscat 偀ᮃ୔⡍ Ma ˇ sīkātè

Qatar वศᇨ Ka ˇ ta ˇ ’ěr Doha ໮જ Duōhā

Saudi Arabia ≭⡍䰓ᢝԃ Shātè’ālābó Riyadh ߽䲙ᕫ Lìya ˇ dé Syria ভ߽Ѯ Xùlìyà Damascus ໻偀຿䴽 Dàma ˇ shìgé United Arab

Emirates

䰓ᢝԃ㘨ড় 䜟䭓೑

Ālābóliánhé qiúzha ˇ ngguó

Abu Dhabi 䰓Ꮧᠢ↨ Ābùzhābî ˇ

Yemen г䮼 Yěmén Sana 㧼䙷 Sānà

Oceania ໻⋟⌆ Dàyángzho¯u

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Australia ▇໻߽Ѯ Àodàlìyà Canberra ෾෍ᢝ Kānpéilā Cook Islands ᑧܟ㕸ቯ Kùkèqúnda ˇ o Avarua 䰓⪺剕䰓 Āwa ˇ lu ˇ ’ā

Fiji ᭤⌢ Fěijì Suva 㢣⪺ Sūwa ˇ

Marshall Islands

偀㒡ᇨ㕸ቯ Ma ˇ shào’ěr qúnda ˇ o

Majuro 偀ᴅ㔫 Ma ˇ zhūluó Federated

States of Micronesia

㳰ܟ㔫ሐ㽓Ѯ Mìkèluóníxīyà Palikir Ꮹ߽෎ᇨ Pàlìjī’ěr

Nauru ⨭剕 Na ˇ olu ˇ Nauru ⨭剕 Na ˇ olu ˇ New Zealand ᮄ㽓݄ Xīnxīlán Wellington ᚴ♉乓 Huìlíngdùn

Palau Ꮹࢇ Pàláo Koror ⾥㔫ᇨ Kēluó’ěr

Samoa 㧼ᨽѮ Sāmóyà Apia 䰓ⲂѮ Āpíyà

Solomon Islands

᠔㔫䮼㕸ቯ Suo ˇ luómén qúnda ˇ o

Honiara 䳡ሐѮᢝ Huòníyàlā

3.1 Proper names

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Tonga ∸ࡴ⥟೑ Tāngjiā

Wángguó

Nuku’alofa ࡾᑧ䰓⋯⊩ Núkù’āluòfa ˇ Vanuatu ⪺ࡾ䰓೒ Wa ˇ nú’ātú Port Vila 㓈ᢝ␃ Wéilāga ˇ ng South

America फ㕢⌆ Nánmeˇ izho¯u

Country Chinese Pinyin Capital Chinese Pinyin

Argentina 䰓ḍᓋ Āgēntíng Buenos Aires Ꮧᅰ䇎ᮃ㡒

߽ᮃ

Bùyínuòsī’àilìsī

Bolivia ⦏߽㓈Ѯ Bōlìwéiyà La Paz ᢝᏈᮃ Lābāsī

Brazil Ꮘ㽓 Bāxī Brasilia Ꮘ㽓߽Ѯ Bāxīlìyà

Chile ᱎ߽ Zhìlì Santiago ೷ഄѮહ Shèngdìyàgē

Colombia હӺ↨Ѯ Gēlúnbî ˇ yà Bogotá ⊶હ໻ Bōgēdà

Ecuador क़⪰໮ᇨ Èguāduō’ěr Quito ෎໮ Jīduō

Guyana ഁѮ䙷 Guīyànà Georgetown Ш⊏ᬺ Qiáozhìdūn Paraguay Ꮘᢝഁ Bālāguī Asuncion ѮᵒỂ Yàsōngsēn

Peru ⾬剕 Bìlu ˇ Lima ߽偀 Lìma ˇ

Uruguay Рᢝഁ Wūlāguī Montevideo 㩭ᕫ㓈ⱘѮ Méngdéwéidìyà Venezuela ྨݙ⨲ᢝ Wěinèiruìlā Caracas ࡴᢝࡴᮃ Jiālājiāsī

3.1.13 Administrative divisions in China: municipalities , autonomous regions , provinces and their capitals , and special

administrative regions

Administratively, there are four municipalities , Ⳉ䕪Ꮦ zhíxiáshì, that function directly under the central government, fi ve autonomous regions , 㞾⊏ऎ zìzhìqū, twenty-two provinces , ⳕ shěng and Taiwan, and two special administrative regions (SAR), ⡍߿㸠ᬓ ऎ tèbié xíngzhèngqū, in China. Each of the above has its own abbreviated name, ㅔ⿄ jia ˇ nchēng.

Municipalities

Municipality Pinyin Abbreviation Pinyin

࣫Ҁ Běijīng Ҁ Jīng

Ϟ⍋ Shàngha ˇ i ≾ Hù

໽⋹ Tiānjīn ⋹ Jīn

໽⋹ Tiānjīn ⋹ Jīn

In document Using Chinese Guide (Page 171-191)