Puffing Machine Studies Driven by Standard Testing Protocols

Table 3.3 (below) shows the emission studies that used standard testing protocol topography values to gather information and report emissions data. The two most referenced topographies were the

43 International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and the Health Canada Intense Regimen (HCI).

Table 3.3: Emission studies with standard electronic cigarette topography protocols.

Electronic Cigarette

* - Studies that used topography to drive puffing machines.

The Schripp et al. [19] study was mentioned in the previous no reference topography profile Chapter 3.1.1 (above). This study used a combination of puffing topography characteristics that can be found in Table 3.3 (above). The 60 second interpuff value was chosen based off the ISO 3308 profile. The ISO 3308 10 puff profile would have been used but the research group modified that value since they observed that a conventional cigarette was depleted in 6 puffs. The puffing topography characteristics that were measured are in Chapter 3.1.3 (below).

44 Uchiyama et al. [42] investigated the concentration of carbonyl compounds in 363 different electronic cigarette aerosols. The study did not mention the brands, types of electronic cigarette devices, e-liquid flavors or nicotine concentrations found in the electronic cigarettes. In order to generate the aerosol a LM1/PLUS smoking machine manufactured by Borgwaldt Technik GmbH was used. The study utilized the HCI puffing topography protocols found in Table 3.3 (above) to investigate the carbonyl compounds in the electronic cigarette aerosol.

Bekki et al. [43] was also interested investigating carbonyl compounds found in Japanese electronic cigarettes. Thirteen different brands were measured but there was no specification which ones were used, what flavors or nicotine concentrations were found in them. A smoking machine was utilized to generate the aerosol tested however, no information about the apparatus was supplied. The researchers tested the devices using the HCI puffing regimen protocol found in Table 3.3 (above).

Geiss et al. [44] proposed an approach to characterizing electronic cigarette emissions under controlled conditions. Two refillable electronic cigarette models were tested however, the brand was not specified. The e-liquids used in this experiment were tobacco flavored and had three strengths levels: 0mg/mL, 9mg/mL and 18mg/mL. No information about the brands of e-liquids was given. A single channel Borgwaldt RM-1 Plus smoking machine manufactured by Borgwaldt KC GmbH was used. The puffing topography profile that was used was the ISO 3308, found in Table 3.3 (above). The number of puffs were set higher, to 13, which corresponded to the average puff numbers found in the research conducted by Farsalinos et al. [49].

Misra et al. [45] examined the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity and inflammatory effects on cells that are exposed to electronic cigarettes. Blu electronic cigarettes containing and not containing nicotine were used. Two of the leading flavors in the market were chosen to test: Classic Tobacco and Magnificent Menthol. Both disposable and rechargeable models were utilized. The same smoking machine described in the Neilson et al. [37] study was used to generate the electronic cigarette aerosol. The HCI standard puffing regimen, found in Table 3.3 (above), was used throughout the test.

Papoušek et al. [46] investigated determining the acrylamide and acrolein found in electronic cigarette aerosol. An in house smoking machine consisting of a vacuum source and air flow controller was used to puff the electronic cigarettes. The ISO standard puffing profile, identified

45 in Table 3.3 (above), was used in this study. No information about the model, brand, or nicotine content of the electronic cigarettes tested was provided in the study.

D’Ruiz et al. [47] examined the blood plasma levels and smoking urges that electronic cigarettes have on their users. The study recruited 24 subjects through standard advertising methods in the Lincolin, NE area and a database that subjects who previously participated in a clinical research study. The subjects were required to have experience smoking conventional cigarettes for at least 12 months but did not need to have experience with electronic cigarettes. Refillable and disposable electronic cigarettes were used throughout the study. The brands of the devices and the nicotine concentrations for the e-liquids were not specified. The disposable electronic cigarettes had 16mg/mL and 24mg/mL nicotine concentrations. This study took place over multiple days. On the 11^th day subjects were housed at the test site. There were two tests: a controlled study and an ad lib puffing session. During the controlled study the subjects were asked to take 50 puffs using the HCI standard puffing profile in Table 3.3 (above). The 50 puffs were selected as an optimal dosage delivered, approximately 0.8mg. No information was supplied about how the puffing topography characteristics were achieved throughout the study. The details about the second study are in Chapter 3.2.1 (below).

Farsalinos et al. [48] investigated how altering power levels of an electronic cigarette affect aldehyde in the aerosol emissions. Two customizable electronic cigarettes, the Kayfun Lite plus and SMtec GmbH were used in this experiment. These electronic cigarettes were refillable models filled with e-liquids consisting of 20mg/mL nicotine concentrations. This study had two tests consisting of different puffing topography characteristics. The second test was interested in the chemical analysis of the generated aerosol from the electronic cigarettes. A smoking machine with no information about the apparatus set up was used. The 2 second puff duration and 30 second interpuff value was chosen based off the HCI profile identified in Table 3.3 (above). Information about the first test is in Chapter 3.1.3 (below).