• No results found

Statistical methods were not used to predetermine the sample size. The experiments were not randomized. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM or mean + SEM. All tests were performed with Sigma Plot (Systat software Inc.) or BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research Information Co.). For the comparison between two groups, we used two-tailed Student’s t-test, MannWhitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test or KolomogorovSmirnov test unless stated otherwise. For the comparison among several groups, analyses of variance (ANOVA) or KruskalWallis test, followed by the post-hoc tests, was used. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Figure 1 Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 1 (1.5 column).tif

Figure 2 Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 2 (2 columns).tif

Figure 3 Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 3 (1.5 column).tif

Figure 4 Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 4 (2 columns).tif

Figure 5

Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 5 (2 columns

Figure 6 Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 6 (1.5 column).tif

Figure 7

Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 7 (1.5 colum

Figure 8 Click here to download Figure Kakegawa et al. Fig. 8 (1.5 column).tif

 



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