R ANK C ORRELATIONS OF E MPHASIS R ANK BY T ITLE

Mana Pikiao Pānui Pipiwharauroa Te Karaka Tū Mai Mana

Pikiao Pānui 0.87

Pipiwharauroa 0.19 0.24

Te Karaka 0.70 0 0.05

Tū Mai 0.31 0.53 0.72 0.29

* Coefficients are significant at the 0.01 level.

It was hypothesised, originally, that the correlation of selection and discussion of topics among Māori print media would be low based on their iwi/ rohe affiliation and interests. Although as can be seen in Table 8, the highest correlation was between Pikiao Pānui and Mana –both based in Rotorua– at 0.87, the second highest correlation was between Pipiwharauroa from the Gisborne region and Tū Mai published in Hamilton (0.72), and the third between Mana and Te Karaka, the Ngāi Tahu magazine (0.70). There is little evidence that iwi affiliation and circulation area influenced editorials. Therefore, the study proves that in general, there was a low correlation between all five media examined. This study cannot, however, make the assertion that the results are related in any way to iwi affiliation or circulation area.

5.6.3 Type of editorials

When analysing the writing style used in editorials on the selected Māori print media, in general, argumentative editorials were used most frequently (99), then the informative ones (24), and the least common were story-telling editorials (8).

TABLE 9 TYPE OF EDITORIAL Mana Pikiao Pānui Pipiwha rauroa Te

Karaka Tū Mai Total

Argumentative 24 4 30 4 37 99 Informative 1 15 6 2 24 Story-telling 1 5 2 8 Total 25 10 45 10 41 131

The argumentative type of editorial was ranked first in three titles: Mana,

Pipiwharauroa and Tū Mai. An example of an argumentative editorial, with

an stated viewpoint is the one found in Pipiwharauroa (Vol. 9, No. 2):

Apparently there is concern I have been too biased in stating that we should declare New Zealand a “GM FREE” country without giving people the right to make their own decision. What I would like to point out is that this comment was made based upon the information provided for the article on Genetic Modification. In all the documentation it was highlighted that genetic modification is a direct challenge on our (Māori) way of life…

Pikiao Pānui ranked first the story-telling type of editorials. These editorials

often relied on the editor’s past experiences to introduce or prove an issue. The editorial ‘We’ve got it, lets use it!’ (Issue No. 48) illustrates this writing style:

…I’m going to tell you a story that a man named Rangi shared with me while in Wellington at the Lower Hutt Tavern. Rangi started off by telling me how he observed the sporting excellence at the tournament [Aotearoa Māori Rugby League Tournament]. “Man, those fullers were tumeke,” he said. “Imagine how good our people would play if they joined together to represent te iwi Māori against other nations. If they can play with so much te ihi, te wehi against each other, how would they play against the Germans, the Americans…I bet you they would kick nono.”

And while there were several people who laughed at Rangi, believing his korero had no substance, I thought thoroughly about what he said.

And Rangi is right, even though the bottle of Waikato might have slurred his speech. If Māori pulled together in any sport, be it netball, softball, hockey, we would be a powerful force –we have the ability to compete at an international level. Perhaps the Aotearoa Māori Rugby League, which is currently competing at the World Cup in Britain, will get the ball up and running.

However I asked Rangi: “Even though that’s a great idea, how would we resource national Māori sporting teams?” After all, it’s hard enough gathering funds to get an iwi team up and going. But Rangi had an answer. “We have millions and millions of dollars tucked away in Wellington which belongs to Māori”, Rangi said. My eyes just about popped out. “Yeh Rangi where?” I asked. Rangi replied: “Te Ohu Kaimoana”. And all controversy and litigation about the allocation of pre-settlement fishery assets aside, perhaps Te Ohu Kaimoana can gather enough power together to set aside a putea for Māori sport. As Rangi said: “Come on, Te Ohu Kaimoana give Māori sport some oysters”.

Te Karaka preferred the informative type of editorials. They gave highlights of

the stories written on that issue without demanding action, as for instance, Tā moko has experienced a renaissance in recent times. A tā moko symposium held in Christchurch earlier this year attracted people from all over the world to share their experiences and methods of indigenous skin art. Ben Te Aika and Riki Manuel were part of the 15-strong organising team. Over a thousand people visited the week-long symposium and Maatakiwi Wakefield has written about it on page 10... (Issue 17, July 2001)

Another example is found on Issue 16 (March 2001),

Amiria Marsh is a truly gifted athlete and a woman to watch. At the age of seventeen she has already distinguished herself as a double- capped national sportswoman in cricket and rugby, while still attending college. Her motivation and attitude are an inspiration to us and we have no doubt that Amiria will achieve her goals in life.

5.6.4 Direction of editorials TABLE 10 DIRECTION Mana Pikiao Pānui Pipiwha rauroa Te

Karaka Tū Mai Total

Favourable 3 3 6 4 13 29 Unfavourable 18 3 19 3 23 66 Neutral 4 4 20 3 5 36 Total 25 10 45 10 41 131

Table 10 makes apparent that, as a whole, Māori printed media are openly critical in their editorials. This can be seen in the unfavourable tone of their editorials summing more than half of them (50.38 %). Examples of the topics that were frequently discussed with negative connotations were:

• Mainstream media clueless about Māori issues. “…It was a scurrilous piece of journalism. No evidence of anything other than routine expenditure by the MTS, despite the paper’s appetite for signs of Māori misbehaviour. No understanding of the scale of the project we’re undertaking –or the limited resources. Is this response by the mainstream media part of a conspiracy? Not at all. Just ignorance. Indefensible ignorance.” (Mana, Issue 48, Oct-Nov 2003)

• Government officials. “…[B]ureaucratic excuses. There is something seriously wrong in the bureaucracy that is shaping our policies and implementing management procedures.” (Pipiwharauroa, Vol. 8 No. 8)

• Māori politicians. “…He’s [Parekura Horomia] still uncomfortable in the media spotlight and has no gift, as yet, for the pithy responses that work best in such exchanges.” (Mana, Issue 35, Aug-Sep 2001); and

“…Demonstrating their lack of maturity, pride, integrity, intelligence and common sense in their fledging careers as wannabe credible politicians.” (on Tau Henare and Willie Jackson, Tū Mai, Issue 24, November 2001)

• Race relations. “We’ve just had a reminder of how little we’ve progressed with race relations in New Zealand, with the politicians, academics, radio and TV interviewers and the editorial writers deciding that Joris de Bres needed a strong rebuke, maybe even sacking, for what he had to say about our colonial history.” (Mana, Issue 49, Dec-Jan 2004)

• Māori social and economic conditions. “…[O]n the ‘Closing the Gaps’ government campaign, suggestions for the American clothes label GAP re-branding to fit the New Zealand market as: ‘Māori end of the GAP’, ‘Between the GAP’, ‘Trying to get out of the GAP’, ‘Nicer end of the GAP’, ‘Just escaped the GAP’…” (Tū Mai, Issue 15, February 2001).

The highest percentage of unfavourable editorials was found in Mana magazine (72 % of its total) and the lesser in Pikiao Pānui and Te Karaka (30 % of their total).

The data in Table 11 shows, when a cross-tabulation between theme and direction of editorials is made, that the highest number of unfavourable editorials were written when addressing issues of ‘self-development, participation and representation’ (19.69 %) as well as in the subject of ‘mainstream media’ (15.15 %). The topic of ‘cultural survival, being Māori’ obtained the highest percentage of favourable editorials (34.48 %).

TABLE 11