Rationale for Case Study Selection

Case study regions were selected based on the following criteria:

i. include multiple and varying types of PAs;

ii. multiple and varying actors relevant to the planning, management and governance of PAs;

iii. be relatively accessible to the public;

iv. located in relatively developed parts of the province;

v. include both newly and well established PAs; and,

vi. have natural resource /economic activities located near PAs.

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The Mauricie and Gaspésie regions were selected due to their similarities. Both contain at least one national park (either federal or provincial) falling under IUCN management category two; both the LMNP and the GNP are bordered by two wildlife reserves and both are in close proximity to urban centres. Additionally, LMNP is under federal authority while in Gaspésie, GNP is under provincial authority. This difference allows for comparisons to be made that point to specific factors that foster and impede institutional arrangements and governance approaches for regional integration.

The Saguenay Region was selected due to the unique types of PAs present such as the co-management agreement between Parks Canada and the SEPAQ for the SSLMP and, the complex and ongoing public participation processes with nearby municipalities and FN communities in relation to park management. Also, understanding the manner in which the SSLMP and adjacent terrestrial PAs and resource-based industries within this region have developed institutional arrangements and governance approaches for regional integration provides answers to the research questions posed.

The FNP sub-region was selected as it includes the first National Park to be established in the Province of Québec by the Government of Canada. Due to the expropriation and relocation of many homes and municipalities during establishment of the park, there is a long history of confrontation in planning and management between the park and nearby municipalities and people. Examining the manner in which institutional arrangements and governance approaches have developed and currently function provides insight into how interactions between the park and its surrounding region have affected the overall effectiveness and implementation of

planning and management within the park. Although FNP is not directly bordered by other PAs, examining dialog between this park and other PAs close by and in the larger Gaspé region (e.g.

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GNP) provides interesting information that can be compared to other case studies such as LMNP Region.

These three case studies are the most significant and relevant to my research as they represent the major PAs along the St-Lawrence corridor in Québec. Therefore, including all three case studies has allowed for a broader, multi-case examination and understanding of institutional history between actors; current institutional arrangements and governance approaches for

regional integration; and an understanding of how interactions between PAs and their regions have been defined, addressed and implemented. The case studies provide a broad diversity of regional integration experiences.

Other potential case studies were identified but rejected for the purposes of this study.

The Abitibi-Temiscamingue was originally considered as a potential case due to the large number of provincial PAs, the types of major resource industries (mining and forestry) and the presence of a provincial national park. However, this case was rejected on the premise that although it contained numerous PAs, with the exception of the provincial national park, none of these were actually staffed, making data collection impossible. The Mingan Archipelago

National Park Reserve region was also originally considered for this study. However, cost of travel and travel times ruled out this case.

3.3.2 Overview of Case Studies 3.3.2.1 La Mauricie Region

The Mauricie Region is located north of the St Lawrence River in the Laurentian foothills halfway between Montreal and Québec City. Over half of the provincial population resides within this area. The region has one large federal national Park, La Mauricie National Park (LMNP) and numerous provincial PAs. The LMNP is located near two urban centres, Shawinigan and Trois-Rivieres that have a combined population of 180,000. The LMNP is

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bordered by two wildlife reserves (Mastigouche Wildlife Reserve and St-Maurice Wildlife Reserve) and one Controlled Harvesting Zone (ZEC) (Chapeau-de-Paille ZEC) (Parks Canada, 2010a) (See chapter 4 section 4.1.1 for more information on Wildlife Reserves and ZECs). The Matawin River borders the LMNP to the north while the Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc and Shawinigan municipalities border the park on the south. An outfitting operation (hunting and fishing) is located on the north side of the Matawin River adjacent to LMNP. The Mastigouche Wildlife Reserve is bordered by the Des Nymphes ZEC and an Outfitting Operation on the South West Side while the St-Maurice Wildlife Reserve is bordered by the Wessonneau ZEC on the north side (Figure 4). Forestry is the largest industry in the area. There are five private Nature Reserves located in this PA region (Reserve Naturelle Carmen-Lavoie, Reserve Naturelle Tortue-des-bois-de-la-Shawinigan, Reserve Naturelle Tortue-des-bois-de-la-Shawinigan (secteur Mouvement-Vert-Mauricie),Reserve Naturelle Tortue-des-bois-de-la-Shawinigan (secteur Pierre Lambert), Reserve Naturelle de L‟Envol),one private Voluntary Conservation Reserve (site de ponte de tortues des bois de la rivière Shawinigan) and over 280 provincial PAs recognized under different categories (MNRF, 2012). The southern portion of the region is mostly composed of farmland and small woodlots. Popular recreation activities in the region include hiking, camping, hunting and fishing.

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(P. Schaus. (2015). WLU, GES.) Figure 4. La Mauricie Region

3.3.2.2 Gaspésie Region

The Gaspésie region is divided into two sub-regions based on the types of PAs present within these: The Gaspésie National Park (GNP), and Forillon National Park (FNP).

68 Gaspésie National Park

The GNP, established in 1937, was the third PA created by the Province of Québec. The GNP is located inland in the middle of the Gaspé Peninsula, approximately 520 km from Québec City, and protects an area of approximately 802 km². The park is best known for its mountain environment comprising the Chic-Chocs and McGerrigle Mountain ranges which create arctic-alpine and tundra climates. The park also protects a small heard of woodland caribou, the last representatives of this species south of the St. Lawrence River. Regionally, the park is bordered by two wildlife reserves, the Chic-Chocs Wildlife Reserve on the west side of the park and the Matane Wildlife Reserve on the east side of the park (SEPAQ, 2011). The Fernald ecological reserve also borders the park on its easternmost tip. The international Appalachian Trail also crosses the park and both wildlife reserves. Also, Salmon Rivers (a type of river designation) flow through the park and both wildlife reserves. A private Voluntary Conservation Reserve (Riviere Sainte -Anne) is located between Gaspé National Park and the village of Sainte-Anne-des-Monts. There are four municipalities that border the Gaspésie National Park: Cap-Chat, Sainte-Anne-des-Monts, Mont-Saint-Pierre, and Mont-Louis. Major industries in the park region are tourism, forestry and wind farm development. Popular recreation activities include hiking, snowshoeing, camping, fishing, wildlife observation, hunting and horseback riding.

Forillon National Park Region

FNP, located on the north-eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula and established in 1970, was the first national park to be established in the Province of Québec by the Government of Canada and protects an area of approximately 244 km². Forillon is located within the municipal limits of Gaspé and is encircled by the communities of Riviere au Renard, L‟Anse-au-Griffon, Cap-des-Rosiers, Cap-aux-Os, Penouille Peninsula and Saint-Majorite. Unique to this PA area case region is the joint management agreement between the Micmac Nation of Gespeg and Parks Canada.

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Under this agreement, a sector of the park is now under a joint management agreement between Parks Canada and the Micmac Nation of Gespeg.

Although the FNP is not directly bordered by any other PA, it is part of the larger ecosystem within the Gaspé region that also includes numerous PAs under private ownership;

provincial and federal (Figure 5). Important provincial PAs near FNP include the Parc National de l'Île-Bonaventure-et-du-Rocher-Percé; the ecological reserve of Grande-Riviere, Manche-d'Épée, Mont-Saint-Pierre and the projected ecological reserve of Grande-Riviere. Important federal PAs include the migratory bird sanctuary of Bonaventure Island and, Percé Rock and Saint-Omer. Two private Nature Reserves (Reserve Naturelle de l‟estuaires-de-la-rivière-York, Reserve Naturelle de l‟Ile-de-la-rivière Dartmouth) and two private Voluntary Conservation Reserves (Reserve écologique de la Grande-Rivière, Barachois de Malbaie) are located in this PA region. Popular recreation activities in the region include hiking, camping, fishing, hunting and bird observation.

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(P. Schaus. (2015). WLU, GES.) Figure 5. Gaspésie Region

3.3.2.3 Saguenay-Lake Saint-Jean Region

The Saguenay-Lake Saint-Jean region is located on the north shore of the St-Lawrence River, approximately three hours drive from Québec City. There are numerous provincial National Parks, multiple provincial and private PAs and a marine park. The Saguenay-St.

Lawrence Marine Park (SSLMP) is bordered by Saguenay Fjord National Park (SFNP) and is in close proximity to five National Parks of Québec (Jacques-Cartier , Grands-Jardins, Hautes-Gorges de la Riviere-Malbaie, Monts-Valins, and Saguenay Fjord National Parks), two wildlife reserves (Laurantides Wildlife Reserve and Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Reserve), three private Nature Reserves (Reserve Naturelle des Mon-et-Merveilles, Reserve Naturelle de l‟Ile-au-Basque-et-des-Razades, Reserve Naturelle de l‟Ile-au-Pommes), three private Voluntary

Conservation Reserves (Rivière Petit-Saguenay, Refuges Faunique des Battures-de-St-Fulgence, Petit Marais de St-Gédéon) and multiple smaller conservation areas such as Salmon Rivers.

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Important resource industries include forestry in the north, farming around Lac-Saint-Jean, and aluminum smelting due to the abundance of hydroelectricity within the region. Popular

recreation activities in the region include hiking, camping, fishing, hunting and whale watching.

The SSLMP was created in 1998 through a joint effort with Parks Canada and the

provincial government of Québec. The SSLMP protects an area of 1245 km². It is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and covers the entire bed of the Saguenay River from Cap a l‟Est downstream on the Saguenay River and the northern half of the St. Lawrence Estuary located between Gros Cap a l‟Aigle upstream and Les Escoumins downstream (Figure 6). The park is bordered by seven regional county municipalities which are: Charlevoix-Est, Fjord-du Saguenay, Ville de Saguenay, Haute-Cote-Nord, Kamouraska, Rivière-du-Loup, and Des

Basques (Parks Canada, 2010d). The major industries in the park region are tourism, logging and commercial fishing.

The management of the SSLMP is unique and innovative in Canada. Both the

governments of Canada and Québec united in the joint creation and management of a marine PA.

Currently, the park is jointly managed between Société des Etablissements de Plein Air du Québec (SEPAQ) and Parks Canada. Parks Canada is responsible for the management of the water portion of the park while SEPAQ is responsible for the management of the land-based portion of the park (Figure 6). Although the park is jointly managed between Parks Canada and SEPAQ, the unique marine nature of the park incorporates other departments which also have jurisdiction in its management through law and regulation enforcement. Some examples at the federal level include the Canada Oceans Act, Navigable Waters Protection Act and the Canada Shipping Act. Examples at the provincial level include the Québec Sustainability Act, Petroleum Product Act and the Cultural Property Act. In addition, both Parks Canada and the MDDEFP have identified municipalities and townships that are both affected by and impacted by the park

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and its visitors. These municipalities and townships are part of the coordination zone which extends from Ville de Saguenay, upstream from the Saguenay River, to Tadoussac, including all of the municipalities along the fjord. Along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, it extends from La Malbaie, downstream, to Les Escoumins, including the land claimed by the Essipit Innu FN. On the south shore, the municipalities running alongside the estuary between Kamouraska and Trois-Pistoles form part of the coordination zone, including the land claimed by the Malecite FN in Viger. The purpose of the coordination zone is to include residents in management

decision-making so as to maintain a climate of cooperation with nearby communities and to foster their sense of ownership of the park (Parks Canada 2010d).

(P. Schaus. (2015). WLU, GES.) Figure 6. Saguenay-St. Lawrence Region

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