Recommendation

Several issues are identified below as recommendations for further research and implementation of Pro-poor land management.

1. Both of the cities of this case study are urban cities. UN-HABITAT has more highlighted the cases of urban poor. From the case study, it is found that the access of land and resources is also limited in the remote areas. Consequently, there is deforestation, social imbalance, environmental problems arises with these issues. The problem is rural poor is different than the urban poor. For example, the case of ex-bonded labour of Nepal causes many social as well as economic imbalances in the society Due to the time limitation, the study of Pro-poor Land Management as a holistic approach (taking urban and rural cases) is not possible in this research. So, there is a need to study about the situation of rural poor and Pro-poor land management in rural areas.

2. For slum upgrading, innovative financing is one of the tools for sustainability of Pro-poor Land Management System. This research indicates that innovative financing could be a mean for sustainability of Pro-poor Land Management System. Hence, further research related to innovative financing is needed within the Pro-poor land management in Nepal and India.

3. The poor land policy and legislation is found very important to develop Pro-poor land management tools. There is many gaps and overlaps in land related laws. Through research is needed to identify the Pro-poor land policy and legislation.

4. This research indicates four administrative hierarchy for the development of Pro-poor Land Management System and but institutional arrangement part within these hierarchy is beyond the scope of this research. Further research is necessary to model the optimal institutional arrangement for Pro-poor land management.

5. This research is focusing the case study of cities of South Asia. To test the developed model and make fit with developing countries, there is still need to study of another geographical location like Africa or Latin America. Therefore, further research is necessary to be carried out in another geographical location.

6. It has been suggested that Pro-poor Spatial Data Infrastructure at Municipal level need to be developed. Due to the time limitation, this research does not explain about the overview of Pro-poor Spatial Data Infrastructure. But, there is a need a depth research under the concept of Pro-poor Spatial Data Infrastructure both technically as well as institutionally.

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REFERENCES

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Paudyal, D. R. and N. R. Subedi (2005). Identification of Informal Settlement by Integration of Cadastral Information and Remote Sensing Satellite Imagery. A Seminar on Space Technology Application and recent development in geo-spatial products. Kathmandu , Nepal.

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Technische Universiteit Delft. Delft, The Netherlands. PhD.

Tuladhar, A. M. (2005). Innovative Use of Remote Sensing Images for Pro-poor Land Management. ITC Lustrum Conference : Land administration : the Path towards Tenure Security, Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development. Enschede, The Netherlands.

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UN-HABITAT (2004). Pro Poor Land Management Integrating slums into city planning approaches. Nairobi, Kenya, United Nations Human Settlements Programme.

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Annexure 2: Maps

A. Location Map of Kathmandu Valley (Study Area)

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B. Manohara Basti Slum Area in Kathmandu Valley (Snap shot of image from Google Earth)

C. Location map of Study Area (Allahabad City)

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D. Slum Clustering in Allahabad City

E: Administrative Division of Allahabad City

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Annexure 3: Some Photographs of Research Areas

Researcher Mr. Dev Raj Paudyal is discussing with Slum Dwellers in Allahabad, India

Force Eviction by Local Authority Charging Illegal Construction in Allahabad City

Poor Housing Condition in Allahabad City at Slum Settlements

Poor Infrastructure Condition at Slum Settlements in Allahabad City

Slum Settlements near Railway line and Ganga River Bed

Access Road Near Slum Area of Allahabad City

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Slum Settlements in the bank of Manohara River of Bhaktapur Municipality

Condition of Road Managed by Slum Community in Kathmandu Valley

Excavating Sand from River Bed for Local Earning in Manohara River of Kathmandu Valley

Condition of Sanitation in Slum Settlements at Kathmandu Valley

Public Participation for Managing the Community Environment

Informal Organisation Working in the Favour of Slum Dwellers and Slum Dwellers Representatives