CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.2. Recommendations
Future research can expand upon this study in several ways. The study by Gentry et al. (2007)highlighted the impact of the spring snowmelt on P losses. Since the BHL watershed monitoring period was March-November, the study could have missed significant P losses during spring snowmelts. Collecting grab samples during snowmelt events or extending the monitoring season with the ISCO samplers would provide insight on the effects of the implemented BMPs on winter P and suspended solids losses.
The Gentry et al. (2007) study also emphasized the impact of manure application practices on P losses. Previous studies have observed high P losses in drainage and surface waters after manure application (Geohring et al., 2001, Smith et al., 2001, Van Es et al., 2004). Stakeholders in subwatershed 12 have said that no manure is applied to the fields within the subwatershed. However, the extent of manure application in subwatersheds 8 and 11 is unknown. Although land management is likely more influential than manure application on P losses in the BHL watershed, manure
application data such as extent, rate, and timing for the three BHL subwatersheds would
facilitate an analysis of the impact of BMPs on the responses of surface and tile sites to manure application.
The unit-area loss comparisons of this study are dependent on the assumption that the entire subwatershed contributes to drainage flow. However, a more
comprehensive estimate would provide a more accurate comparison between the unit-area losses at the BHL monitoring sites. Most current drainage extent estimates are at the county or state scale, which aren’t detailed enough for small catchment scale monitoring or modeling purposes. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) recently created a raster GIS coverage of estimated subsurface drainage extent (Nakagaki and Wieczorek, 2016). However, in Iowa, the coverage assumes that cropland on both poorly and moderately drained soils are drained because Iowa’s reported drainage extent was greater than the area of cropland on poorly drained soils. In conclusion, the development of an accurate, high-resolution drainage extent coverage would benefit all catchment scale modeling efforts of extensively drained areas.
Finally, more calibration must be performed on the SoilIceDB model. Although Blombäck and Persson (2009) concluded that using site-specific soil parameterization did not improve simulation results over the default soil parameterization, using detailed soil data for the BHL subwatersheds could help to improve the simulation results.
Furthermore, since the model was designed for the field scale, model performance at the small catchment scale could be improved by dividing the BHL subwatersheds into areas of similar soil-crop-slope combinations and aggregating the results.
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SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES
Supplementary Figure 1: Flow per area exceedance curves for March to November for the tile monitoring sites with (A) dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations and (B) volatile suspended solids concentrations; flow exceedance curves for March to November for the stream monitoring sites with (C) dissolved reactive phosphorus concentraions and (D) volatile suspended solids concentrations.
Supplementary Figure 2: Flow and intra-event concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) during event on 4/19/16 at the (A) tile in subwatershed 8 and (B) stream in subwatershed 12.
Supplementary Figure 3: Intra-event concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) during event on 4/19/16 at the the (A) tile in
subwatershed 8 and (B) stream in subwatershed 12.
Supplementary Figure 4: Flow and intra-event concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) during event on 4/27/16 at the (A) tile in subwatershed 8, (B) stream in subwatershed 11, and (C) stream and (D) tile in subwatershed 12.
Supplementary Figure 5: Intra-event concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) during event on 4/27/16 at the (A) tile in subwatershed 8, (B) stream in subwatershed 11, and (C) stream and (D) tile in subwatershed 12.
Supplementary Figure 6: Flow and intra-event concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) during event on 6/14/16 at the (A) tile in subwatershed 8 and (B) stream and (C) tile in subwatershed 12.
Supplementary Figure 7: Intra-event concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and total particulate phosphorus (TPP) during event on 6/14/16 at the (A) tile in subwatershed 8 and (B) stream and (C) tile in subwatershed 12.