Recommendations

n,e nonnal free chlorine values in a swimming pool fall bct ^"- 'Cell 1 0 _3 0 ^ppm (WHO,

?006) however. the results from this study showed that ,L_.. lected · · I d'd

�· rn..., ^{sc S\l.1m m} 1og poo s 1

not comply with W1 IO standards hence they \\"Cl'C 1101 properly disinfected It is alarming to no1e that free chlorine was not detected at the recreational and ^{studen t} facilities \Vhile the mean value for ^t he hotel/ gueSt house facilities was 0.2 (± o 1) ppm This can b e explained by ^t he fact that the recreational and studcn1 facilities disinfect 1heir pools fortnightly and \YCCkly instead of daily Another rc.-asoo may be due to the fact that most of the swimming pools rely on manual disinfection rather than automatic pumps and feedCJ'S

The 11utoma1ed sysiem of disinfectant dosing ensures that a partiaJlAr concentration of chlorine is maintained in the pool water as long as the swi ^m ming pool is opened to ^t he public but this is impossible with ^m anual applica1ion Automatic feeding ensures that chlorine is applied continuously to the pool in liulc quantities bur the manual application is done usually once ond after a fe\v hours. the chlorine is dcact1Y11tcd because of swimmers splashing and the sun's rays

In a similar study, Rabi ^l!I al, (2007) sho\Ved that 50.6% ^{of swi m} ming pools in Jordnn did not co ^m ply \vith Jordanian stnndntds for residual chlorine and ^that 1heie was a significant association bct\veen pool contamination and free residual chlorine (when i ^t is less than

I ppm) The total chlorine values for the ttC1eationaJ, hotel and student facilities were all belO\V the NS\\' s ^t andards of I Opp ^m In ⁸ study carried out by Nanbakhsh ^l!I al, (2004)

· rb'd' f · _m ming pools in lran ^\YCTC 8 I 0.6ppm the average pH., free chlonne and tu 1 1ty o ^S'\Yl

and O 8NTU respectively .

Th . . . _d TDS ^{value of} I 867 7 ^(* I 50. ^S ) ppm \Yhich fall

c hotcV _gu cst house fac1hues ha a ^m ean

,._ 000-2000 ppnl. Ho\vever the mean TDS values for the

=ween the NSPI Stlllldntds of l

. __ ., den ^t facilities (2021 9 ^{± 27 7 ppm) were} above

rccrca11onal (2S65.6 :t: 489.6 ppm) wiu 51u

• 1 er load resulting from a lack or d1luuon of the the NSPI standards indicating a chcm1co ov

� the hotel/guesl house ^{(240 S :t: I 2 pp m )} and

pool water The calciu ^m hordncss values or

' ^t hin the NSPI standards or 2�00 ^{pp m}

student facilities (248 . 7 * ^{J 9 pp m ) fell \Yl} rn) was above t stan _{he dard ·} ¹⁰ _d" 1ca _t' ^l\"C o f

"'hcrcas the recreational facility ( 479 ^{1 :t:} 7 ^{1 PP ·}

lea.le forming water

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The temperatu ^res or the thrcc categories of swimming pools were all slightly above ^the

WHO ^{limit of} 27°C Several _studies ha ^ve pro\"Cd that -__ ..., t. .... � temperature has direct inOucnee on s,vimming pool water contatniiwion by i ^ncreas ing m1aobial gro"th (Leoni t/o/, 1999, Leoni eta/, 2001, �ianinyseto/, 1995, R.abictol, 2007)

s.i l\t icrobiological statw of the swimming pools

Data from the study revealed lha1 coliforms ^were present in all three catcgoncs of swimming pools ^The mean coliform count io the reciea11onal, hotcVguest house and S1udcnt facilities ^were 13 3 * ^{8 7} cfu/lOOmL 8.3-* 9.3 cfu/lOOml and I 8 ± I 7 cfu/lOOml rcspcct.i\ely These ^were all above the WHO limit of <1/IOOml indicating faecal contamination The prc:scnc:e of signifiC11n.t numbers of coliformJ in swimming pool •Ylltcr indicates eithCT deficiencies in the treatment of the S\vimmang pool or inadcqu111e prolcction of the source of untreated \Yllter (Dorchardt and \Vallon. 1971) In a sim1lo.r study in Nigeria, ^ltah cl al, (2004) also isolated coliforms 1n swimming pools in Calabar The mean hctcrotrophic plate count values of the three categories ofS\Yimming pools ,vcrc

all belo,v the WJ.10 stand11rds of <200/ml lfo"-cvo- the hoteVguest house facilities exceeded \VHO limit in the first ,vcck (26Scfu/ml) "11ile the student facility exceeded the limit in the third ,veek (2S3cfu/ml) This could be due to increased bather load dunng

tho ^se weeks resulting in greater levels of contamination and thus requiring higher levels of disinfection

The thr ^c:c selected bacterial indicaton (Stof}lr)/OCOCCUS au�us. &cJ,mc/110 ^col, and

P. 3<11.,.,,,,01/0.J a,:n11,'1no:Jt1 ·'-- ) ,vcn: ,so •• "" • I •cd "-m the student ond hotcVguc:st ^house fecilit,c�

.,. _ _ , cl , 1. _,d S _{, , 011-us} were the only bactcnal 1nd1c:ators 1sol1tcd c.x:,icn 110 co 1 ^(1J tap,ty,ococcus ..

r_ • nee of P�11domonas Ot'n1g,no.sa and

uom the recreational facility The presc ·

.s• IOp/ry/ococc11s 011rc11s indicate non meai I tamination These findings arc supponed by ^con

• SI ,..i.,. /(JCOCCII.J m1r<1U was shed by bathers

Rob1nton and Mood ( 1966) ^\\'ho found that ^Of

ⁿ

^•J

. . . __ ,. he bactcnal can be found 1n surface films in pool

under all cond ¹ 11ons or S\Y1mm1ng • .,.., t _ _

- 1n swimming pools 1s bchcvcd to have lliltcr _The prcscncc of Stophy/QCOCCld aurc/1.S

, · nil)' ^tract infections.. ^eye infCCllons, OllllS

resulted 1n sl.in rashes. \"'Otlnd infcc:uons.. un

. vcrt and store)', 1988, R1,cra and Aden, 1991) Qterna_ 1mpc11go and other 1nfccuon ⁹ (Cal

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HO"'C\"Cf', in a study in Italy on chlorinated pools w ere the free chlorine levels varied h

be(\\'CCll 0.8 and 1.2 mg/I Staplrylococcus au ^· rtus was 1101 ISOiated (Bonadonna ct al, 2004)

• •

The warm moist environments on decks, drains, benches and floors provided by pools and similar environments is ideal for the growth of Pscudomo,nr OU11g,i10SO II is likely that swimmers pick up the organism on their hands and feet and transfer them ¹⁰ the ,vatcr (\VHO, 2006). However, shedding from infected humans is the predominant source of Pscudo111011as aerugi11osa in pools and hot tubs (Jacobson. 1985) The results of this work arc supported by the findings of Moore ct al, (2002) ,vho isolated Pse11domo11as otn1g111osa in Northern Ireland, from 38°/4 of swimming pools examined

The presence of &chcnch1a coll in the 1hrce categories of swimming pools indica1e faecal con1amination because &ccnc/110 coll is c.-.:clusivcly fac:cal in origin (Okafor, 198S) and this corresponds with 1hc findings of ltah ^tf al .(2004) who also isolated E:rd1erlcl11a colt from S\vimming pools in the South Eastern states of Nigeria (Al'WII lbom and Cross River). The presence of EschcncJ11a roli in water is a st.rong indication of rcccnl faccal pollu1ion because of the extra cntctal behavioral pallan of 1his orgnnism (llah cf al, 1996) The isolation of these indicator bae1cria from the swimming pools indicates the possible presence of cn1cric pathogenic badcrill This constitu1cs a public hCll.lth hazard because some swimmers accidentally swallow pool ,vater while S\vimming. ingestion of such conlaminated ,vnters could lead to outbreaks of disease such as di11IThoea., cholera .

lyphoid fever and

gastroen1eritiS-"--i h ('" / / / d ^l�

ⁿ

^{/ .,1}

^,.

^{- .. nl..1011} s """ iCS) ^\YCf'C not isolated in the three

'"""11111 op ytcs , r c ,op ^1yto11 an 4' uuTITJV/"'"

r-cai.-o, · r . . 1 Thi. may be due to the fisct that surf.ices such as pool -.,ones o SW1mm1ng poo s s

noo d n f · _Wefle nol sampled Nanbakhsh ^t( al. (2004) isola1cd a

rs ¹¹¹¹ oors o changing rooms

d / ., from the dressing room of a ^public

cnruuopyhtc, Trichophyton mentagro(1 V cs

"",; • _, 1 , ¹ �,cs ,verc isolalcd from the noor of one of lhe

·-,mm,ng pool In Japan, Tr/1,;1,op ^{I) "'' �y-- . • •}

�1.-- • 1 ^{1991) Sbadz.i et al} (2001) 1nvcst1ga1cd 4 indoor

"'liU18Jng rooms (K.anuhama ^tf a ,

• . • 1 dcd that dcnna 1ophytcs were only tsollllcd from SWimm1ng pools ,n lsfalwl and cone u

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d(eSSing rooms and balhrooms. However, �iaghzay et al. (1989) isolated species of Tnd,opli)'lcJ/1 from ,vatcr- of two swimming pools in Egypt

fungal isolates from the swimming pools include species of A5{Jl!rg,llus, Pe111c1//1um, fu.san11m, A,fucor and R/11::<Jpus. Some species of �rg,llus and Pe111c1//111m ^{ma) cause}

opportunistic infections in man. Phycomyce1es mainly species _of ^Rhl=op11s and A-/ucor cause an invasive disease known as M uconnycosis. Incidence oflhe disease has increased as a result of widespread use of antibioti _cs, steroids and anrime1aboli1cs (Anan1hanarayan ti al, 2006) This is ⁱⁿ consonance ,vith the findings of �iag.hzay ^,:1 al, ( 1989) ^and

Nanbakhsh et al, (2004) who also isolated lhcsc species of fungi from public s,vimming

pools in Egyp1 and Iran Fusar111m ^is known fo ^r occ:ular infections in humans and animals

(Prcscou et al., 2002} These organisms may have been introduced in10 the S\vimming

pools by infected bathers Another reason for lhc presence of these fungi is the fact that

I.here were no facilities for foot disinfection before S\vimming so S\Yimmers do not

disinfect their feet before S\vimming.

In document Biomass Pyrolysis and Optimisation for Bio bitumen (Page 147-171)