Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future work
7.2 Recommendations for Future Work
Nanofluidics is a truly interdisciplinary research area encompassing aspects of mechanics, material, physics, chemistry, biology, etc. and its many unique behaviors remain unclear for far. On the other hand, such unique behaviors provide unexpected promising applications. Both are worthy of future study.
On the fundamental aspects, for example, both MD simulations and experiments in chapter 5 show that an infiltration process is dependent of the sign of an external applied electric field, in contrary to the conventional electrochemical theory. How to describe this asymmetric behavior with respect to the sign of the electric field? Will the water polarization affect the applied electric field? Which is the most proper water model at the nanocscale in the present of an electric field? Does this asymmetric response hold for any kind of polar liquid molecules? Can this electric asymmetric behavior be used to design alternating current actuation? These
works are expected to be helpful for building electrochemical theory at the nanoscale.
The confined liquid molecules like water molecules at nanoenvironments behave somewhat differently from macroscopic predictions, such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and phase change. How to precisely define them remains unclear. More importantly, the unique behavior of water molecular transport is often attributed to an ordered configuration of the hydrogen bond network. Actually, many physical properties of water depend on the coherence and the number of the hydrogen bonds. What is the accurate relationship between the hydrogen bonds and fluidic properties such as viscosity, density and phase change? With the recent achievement that a single water molecule has been successfully encapsulated into a C60 cage, insulating it from any hydrogen-bonding environment223, this provides an opportunity for quantitatively studying the effect of hydrogen bonds on nanofluidics and intrinsic behavior of water molecules. Future study can be carried out with emphasis on: (I) studying nanofluidic transport process of H2O@C60 and closely relating it to the findings of pure water molecules in
macrochannels down to nanochannels through several key physical indexes, such as diffusion, viscosity, and thermal conductivity; (II) investigating the transport response of H2O@C60 to an
external field, such as pressure, electric field, and thermal gradient; (III) exploring applications of H2O@C60 in the detection and storage of one single molecule; (IV) probing characteristics of
a single water molecule in this totally isolated state and its “communication” with the liquids surroundings.
Parallel with the studying properties of H2O@C60, another effort can be devoted to
encapsulating molecule like a water molecule into an opened-fullerene (C60) which can be deemed a nanopore with a unique interior space, which is similar with the infiltration of liquid molecules into a CNT. The future work can include: (I) mimicking the whole process of one
water molecule into the opened-C60 structures and obtaining the characteristic parameters, e.g. infiltration time; (I) studying the effects of the opening diameter and functional groups around the opening edge, and designing proper functional groups to allow the water molecule to infiltrate bow-like C60 spontaneously at room temperature and atmospheric pressure; (III) employing electrolyte solutions and other mixtures (e.g. CHCl3) to investigate their effects on
infiltration of water molecule, and obtaining the key controlling parameters(e.g. the ratio of mixtures to water molecules); (IV)investigating effects of an external field on infiltration behaviors such as pressure, electrical and thermal fields; (V) designing adjustable “switch” functional groups through which the trapped molecule can freely flow in or out of the opened- C60. This proposed structural design of the opened-C60 has also the potential to open up fertile areas of far future research for manipulating and counting one single molecule.
On the practical applications, for example, solar energy has been acknowledged a huge energy form for longer-term benefits in addressing energy crisis and environmental sustainability. Nanostructured materials have been employed to increase solar-energy conversion efficiency through the use of surface plasmons (SPs) in the past few decades224,225. With the encouraging results on energy conversion enabled by nanofluids in this thesis, the nanostructured materials coupled by nanofluidics, which can be referred as nanofluidics-integrated nanophotonics, is expected to improve sensitivity and resolution of SPs, where the addition of liquid molecules offers great freedom to manipulate electromagnetic fields, thus enhancing the solar-energy conversion efficiency. The nanofluidics-integrated nanophotonics technique is also expected to provide a reliable approach for detecting low-concentration components with a high resolution by flowing them through a photonic nanochannel, such as the emerged Perchlorate (ClO4-) contaminant (~10-100 mg/L) in water, which is urgently needed for environmental
protection and sustainability226. Hopefully, such studies can be carried out soon.
This prospective application based on this new scheme will challenge conventional modeling and theory, such as finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for studying SPs. A new theory and modeling approach involving multiscale and multiphysics, where the interaction among light, nanofluidics and nanostructures are coupled, needs to be developed. The modeling of nanofluidics-integrated nanophotonics should include a realistic description of the medium and of its nonlinear dielectric response, especially for a random nanofluidic medium. At the same time, the re-organization feedback in the field of dynamics is also needed by coupling internal interaction potentials of particles in the media. This research for new modeling technique is expected to provide a design optimization tool which will help design nanostructures, and components of media in the search for new engineered nanostructures with enhanced SPs relevant to solar energy and molecular detection.
Finally, we want to point out that through the interaction of fluid and solid mechanics at the nanoscale, the unique characteristics of nanofluidics have offered compelling advantages for enhancing energy conversion efficiency and environmental sustainability. When nanofluidics is combined with other disciplines like chemical, electrical, and biomedical engineering, such its fantastic behaviors are expected to provide unprecedented opportunities and even open new areas in both theories and applications.
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