3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2. Recommendations
However, Artemisia absinthium oil has been used worldwide for medicinal purpose, the present study has enables as the use of Artemisia absinthium oil in cosmetics formulation so I recommend further studies to be performed if necessary, on the performance of the oil and to be used in cosmetics industry for the production of perfume and production of the oil in large scale and exporting and can be a source of income for the country.
I, recommend that the mentioning of perfumes and related industries in Ethiopia should be encouraged by making facilities and funds available to them. Also, the Government should compel all the multinational companies producing cosmetic products in Ethiopia to set up industries for large-scale production of this perfumery essence so as to reduce the rate of unemployment facing the youths.
A further study can also be conducted in focusing on the quality of the Artemisia Absinthium essential oil obtained at each operating condition using GC-MS. This will provide an alternative to manufacturers on the minimum conditions required to get a specific quality of essential oil with minimum capital for perfume application.
It also recommends that formulation of perfume from Artemisia Absinthium and another aromatic plant should have to be carried out to see the intensity and quality of it.
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APPENDIX
Appendix A: Full Factorial Design Three Level and Three Replicant Experiment for Three Factors
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22 21 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 0.25-0.75 mm 7.9
23 40 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 0.25-0.75 mm 8
24 65 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 0.25-0.75 mm 7.95
25 4 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 0.25-0.75 mm 2.9
26 2 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 0.25-0.75 mm 2.75
27 39 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 0.25-0.75 mm 2.8
28 75 Block 1 Methanol 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 4.45
29 81 Block 1 Methanol 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 4.55
30 15 Block 1 Methanol 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 4.5
31 58 Block 1 Ethanol 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 4.15
32 14 Block 1 Ethanol 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 4.25
33 76 Block 1 Ethanol 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 4.25
34 18 Block 1 Hexane 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 1.8
35 51 Block 1 Hexane 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 1.85
36 8 Block 1 Hexane 24 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 1.65
37 78 Block 1 Methanol 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 5.45
38 25 Block 1 Methanol 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 5.45
39 13 Block 1 Methanol 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 5.35
40 59 Block 1 Ethanol 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 5.15
41 63 Block 1 Ethanol 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 5.2
42 70 Block 1 Ethanol 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 5.25
43 62 Block 1 Hexane 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 1.9
44 80 Block 1 Hexane 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 1.9
45 6 Block 1 Hexane 48 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 2
46 77 Block 1 Methanol 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 8.9
47 10 Block 1 Methanol 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 8.75
48 30 Block 1 Methanol 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 8.85
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49 33 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 7.4
50 66 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 7.6
51 22 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 7.75
52 49 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 2.75
53 36 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 2.75
54 60 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 0.75-1.5 mm 2.5
55 74 Block 1 Methanol 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.15
56 53 Block 1 Methanol 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.15
57 7 Block 1 Methanol 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.2
58 67 Block 1 Ethanol 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 3.65
59 26 Block 1 Ethanol 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 3.6
60 32 Block 1 Ethanol 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 3.65
61 31 Block 1 Hexane 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.3
62 38 Block 1 Hexane 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.25
63 72 Block 1 Hexane 24 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.2
64 56 Block 1 Methanol 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.25
65 23 Block 1 Methanol 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.3
66 68 Block 1 Methanol 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.3
67 42 Block 1 Ethanol 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.55
68 43 Block 1 Ethanol 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.55
69 3 Block 1 Ethanol 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 4.5
70 12 Block 1 Hexane 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.85
71 35 Block 1 Hexane 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.85
72 57 Block 1 Hexane 48 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.9
73 5 Block 1 Methanol 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 7.3
74 69 Block 1 Methanol 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 7.4
75 47 Block 1 Methanol 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 7.35
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76 11 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 6.45
77 19 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 6.6
78 73 Block 1 Ethanol 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 6.45
79 1 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 1
80 50 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.95
81 Block 1 Hexane 72 hrs 1.5-2.5 mm 0.95
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Appendix B: Formulas and Equations Used for Characterization of Oil 1. Extraction percentage oil yield = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒*100% 3.1 % Oil Yield =𝑊2𝑊1*100% where,
W1=Sample weight before extraction and W2= Sample weight of oil after purification.
2. Specific gravity (Sp.gr) =(𝑊1−𝑊𝑜)𝑊2−𝑊𝑜 = Mass of the substance
Mass of an equval volume of water 3.2 Where,
W0 = clean and dry bottle weighed (W0
W1 =clean and dry bottle weighed with oil.
W2 =clean and dry bottle weighed with water.
3.Then the kinematic viscometer was calculated.
Kinematic viscosity=𝐃𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 3.3 V =μ
𝑝
Where: μ = dynamic viscosity p = density of oil
4.The Saponification value (SV) is given by:
Saponification value (SV) = M*(𝑉1−𝑉2)∗𝑁𝑊 3.4 Where,
M= is equivalent mass of the potassium hydroxide, N is the normal solution taken, V1= Average volume in ml of standard hydrochloric acid required for the blank V2=Average volume in ml of standard hydrochloric acid required for the sample.
W=the weight of the sample taken.
5.The Acid value would calculate as:
Acid value (AV) = M*𝑁∗𝑉𝑚 3.5 Where,
V =Volume in ml of standard potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide,
N = normality of the potassium hydroxide solution or Sodium hydroxide solution;
79 M =Molecular weight of potassium hydroxide and m= sample weight
6.Ester value = Saponification value – acid value (3.6) 7.The iodine value (I.V) was given by the expression:
Iodine Value (IV) = 12.69*𝐶(𝑉1−𝑉2)𝑀 3.7 where,
C = Concentration of sodium thiosulfate used;
V1=Volume of sodium thiosulfate used for blank
V2= Volume of sodium thiosulfate used for determination, M = Mass of the sample.
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Appendix C: GC-MS Analysis Results of Artemisia Absenthium Oil
Data File J-0031-1207-19. D Sample Name Artemisia Absinthium
Sample Type Position 3
Instrument Name GCMS User Name JATSL
Acq Method fatty acid for chikugn by hp 88 13-08-18t.M Acquired Time 8/13/2018 8:51:13 PM
IRM Calibration Status Not Applicable DA Method default.m
Comment
Cpd 1: 4.170 4.17 Spiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane- C12H18O3 0
Cpd 2: 4.533 4.533 (3E)-2,7-Dimethyl-3,6- C10H18O 0
Cpd 6: 5.620 5.62 Hexanoic acid, methyl ester C7H14O2 0
Cpd 9: Eucalyptol 6.187 Eucalyptol C10H18O 10
Cpd 11: Benzene,
9.811 Octanoic acid, methyl ester C9H18O2 6
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Cpd 21: 2-Pentene, 2-methyl- 16.386 2-Pentene, 2-methyl- C6H12 1
Cpd 24: Camphor 19.406 Camphor C10H16O 10
Cpd 26: Naphthalene, 1,2- 24.264 Naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro- C13H16 0
Cpd28:Dodecanoic acid, 26.675 Dodecanoic acid, methyl C13H26O2 0
Cpd 32: Benzenepropanoic 31.462 Benzenepropanoic acid, C10H12O2 0
Cpd 34: Methyl
Cpd 52: Methyl stearate 48.82 Methyl stearate C19H38O2 7
Cpd 53: 9-Octadecenoic acid
52.588 Hexadecen-1-ol, trans-9- C16H32O 10
Cpd 60:
82
83
Appendix D: Laboratory Equipment’s and Sample Photos.
Dried Artemisia Absinthium Size Reduction of Artemisia Absinthium Leave
Sieve Analysis of ArtemisiaAbsenthium Powder
84
Maceration extraction method Vacuum filtration separation
Rotary evaporation for oil separation Artemisia absenthium oil sample
85
Raw materials for perfume formulation Perfume Sample
GC-MS Equipment
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