The following points detail potential areas of investigation stemming from this study.
• Fabricate the complete active design and compare the measured and sim- ulated results. A suitable circularly polarised patch antenna could be designed, which GPS systems require.
• Investigate the use of other dielectric materials to enhance antenna effi- ciency and the impacts of employing substrate covers [92].
• A different version of ACP could be used to design stacked patch antennas. Stacked patches provide greater impedance bandwidth and an active de- sign could be implemented for other applications. Moreover, an additional reflector could be used to enhance performance.
• This work has not taken into consideration amplifier stability outside GPS operating frequencies. At some frequencies, the source impedance may fall into the unstable region of the Smith Chart. This is the result of the antenna behaving like a length of open circuit line at certain frequencies and is likely to present a source impedance in the unstable region. Further work is required to investigate this issue. Methods of improving stability should also be investigated, for instance the length of line between the transistor source terminal and the ground connection could be used to improve the amplifier stability.
• Other types of microstrip patch antennas could also be investigated that are integratable with MIC devices.
• Further study could be conducted into shortening conductor dimensions to provide a compact design, such as using short circuits and antenna loading.
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Acknowledgements
Like any other postgraduate research student, the thrill of submitting this thesis seems to drown any recollection of the labour, anguish and sacrifice endured during this course of study. Undoubtedly, without the support of others and Divine Assistance this work would certainly not have been as successful and I can not fully express my gratitude as much as I ought to, rather only as much as I am able.
This work inspires in me profound gratitude to Dr Rod Waterhouse to whom I am greatly indebted for permitting me to employ ACP in this work. This study certainly would not have been such a success without this important software tool. His technical advice, insight and guidance have also been of immense value to me.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr James Scott, my senior supervisor, who supported me greatly in this project. His expertise in amplifier design and CAD software has assisted me invaluably. His many years of experience with amplifier design has provided me with valuable knowledge. I would like to thank him also for his mentorship and direction, which will always be treasured.
Dr Margaret Lech, my additional supervisor, who assisted me considerably and I would like to express my gratitude to her. Her expertise in antenna optimisation and encouragement has been of great value and will never be forgotten.
Special thanks to Dr Kamran Ghorbani who has shared with me valuable technical advice on both antenna design and on employing Ensemble and IE3D CAD packages. His assistance in antenna design and thesis feedback has been greatly appreciated.
My parents and brother have been very supportive, patient and understanding of me during my studies.
All my relatives and friends who have been very understanding and supportive during my course of study. I appreciate their kind words and prayers.
My managers at the ANZ Bank who have been very kind in granting me study leave to complete this work, namely Warwick Marcakis, Roger De Groot and Phil Woods. Their consideration, patience and good wishes have been greatly appreciated.
I would like to thank the support staff at RMIT University for their assistance in manufacturing the prototype, particulary David Welch, Gil Quirillo and Chris Arthur.
Furthermore, I have been fortunate to have been awarded two scholarships from the School of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering and I wish to thank all those who have nominated me for this provision.
Appendix A
ACMPA Senior Element Modules
A.1
ACMPA C Module
/******************************************************************************/ /*** ACMPA.c ***/ /******************************************************************************/ #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "userdefs.h"
/* module identifier string */
static char current_module_identifier[] = "@(#) libra600/source ACMPA.c 1.1";
/* static declarations */
static boolean u2pa_y(UserInstDef *userInst, double omega, COMPLEX *yPar);
static boolean a_a_compute_y(UserInstDef *userInst, double omega, COMPLEX *yPar);
static UserParamType
ACMPA[] = {
{"Plen", REAL_data}, {"Pwid", REAL_data}, {"Slen", REAL_data}, {"Swid", REAL_data}, {"Stubwid", REAL_data}, {"StubLen", REAL_data}, {"Ofset", REAL_data}, {"Da", REAL_data},
{"Era", REAL_data}, {"Ltana", REAL_data}, {"Df", REAL_data}, {"Erf", REAL_data}, {"Ltanf", REAL_data}, {"Modes", REAL_data},
};
/******************************************************************************/
/* Define and initialize the user element array */
/******************************************************************************/
static UserElemDef user_elements[] = {
/*
* name numPars params compute_y post_analysis
* numExtNodes pre_analysis compute_n
*
* seniorInfo
* devDef tranDef
*/
{"ACMPA", 1, siz(ACMPA), ACMPA, NULL, a_a_compute_y, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL}
}; /* end of the user element structure */
static char ErrMsg[201];
#define STDTEMP 27.0 /* libra default temperature */ #define PI 3.141592654
#define sqr(x) ((x)*(x)) #define EPS 1.0e-8
#define ZO 50 /* reference impedance for S-pars */
/*---*/
static boolean a_a_compute_y( UserInstDef *userInst, double omega,
COMPLEX *yPar)
{
int a=1, b, c, patch_no=1, no_of_layer=1; float r, i, z_freq;
char cmd[30], ch;
double fghz, freq, Plen, Pwid, Slen, Swid, StubWid, StubLen, Ofset, Da; double Era, Ltana, Df, Erf, Ltanf;
double com_y_i, com_y_r, denom; double lenUnit;
int Modes;
FILE *fptr, *read_z; /*file pointers */
/* get user instance */
UserParamData *pData = userInst->pData;
/* Get unit instance */
lenUnit = get_runit(userInst->eeElemInst);
/* convert radians to freq */ fghz = omega / PI / 2.0E9;
/* get user instances */
Plen = userInst->pData[0].value.dVal * lenUnit; Pwid = userInst->pData[1].value.dVal * lenUnit; Slen = userInst->pData[2].value.dVal * lenUnit;
Swid = userInst->pData[3].value.dVal * lenUnit; StubWid = userInst->pData[4].value.dVal * lenUnit; StubLen = userInst->pData[5].value.dVal * lenUnit; Ofset = userInst->pData[6].value.dVal * lenUnit; Da = userInst->pData[7].value.dVal * lenUnit; Era = userInst->pData[8].value.dVal; Ltana = userInst->pData[9].value.dVal; Df = userInst->pData[10].value.dVal * lenUnit; Erf = userInst->pData[11].value.dVal; Ltanf = userInst->pData[12].value.dVal; Modes = userInst->pData[13].value.dVal;
fptr = fopen("fref72.atb","w"); /* create input file for ACP */
/* the antenna side */
fprintf(fptr, "%d %d \r\n", no_of_layer, 0); /* number of layers */
fprintf(fptr, "%f %f %f \r\n", Era, Da, Ltana); /*perm., thinkness, loss tangent*/ fprintf(fptr, "%d \r\n", patch_no); /* patch number */
fprintf(fptr, "%f %f %d %d %d \r\n", Plen, Pwid, 1, 0, 0);
/*Patch length, width & layer */ /*the feed side */
fprintf(fptr, "%d %d \r\n", 1, 0); /* number of layers */
fprintf(fptr, "%f %f %f \r\n", Erf, Df, Ltanf); /*perm., thinkness, loss tangent*/ fprintf(fptr, "0 \r\n");
fprintf(fptr, "%f %f \r\n", Slen, Swid); /* Aperture length and width */ fprintf(fptr, "%f %f %f 1 1.5 \r\n", StubWid, StubLen, Ofset);
/* Stub width, length and offset */ fprintf(fptr, "%d \r\n", Modes); /* x current mode in TM_xy */ fprintf(fptr, "%d \r\n", Modes); /* y current mode in TM_xy */ fprintf(fptr, "%f %f %d \r\n", fghz, fghz, 1); /*start, stop freq & steps */
fclose(fptr); /* close file */
/* now run ACP */
sprintf(cmd, "acp.e"); system(cmd);
send_error_to_scn("\n runnning ACP ...\n"); /* display message on screen */
/* extracting z parameters */
read_z = fopen("zin.dat", "r"); /* read the contents of zin.dat */
do { fscanf(read_z, "%f", &r); fscanf(read_z, "%f", &i); fscanf(read_z, "%f", &z_freq); }
while( (ch=getc(read_z) ) != EOF );
fclose(read_z); /* close file */
/* convert the z parameters to y parameters ( y = 1/z)*/
denom = ((r*r)+(i*i)); /* get denominator, */
com_y_r = r/denom; /* convert complx z to complex y parameters */ com_y_i = -i*(1/denom);
yPar[0].real=com_y_r; /* real component of Y-param */ yPar[0].imag=com_y_i; /* imaginary component of Y-param */
}
/******************************************************************************/
/* This is the only symbol visible outside this module:
a single call to it will boot the module and pull in all element code here */
boolean boot_ACMPA (void) {
return load_elements(user_elements, siz(user_elements)); }
/******************************************************************************/