Recommended studies - CHAPTER : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 CHAPTER : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.4 Recommended studies

The following studies are recommended as a way of enhancing findings on MSD prevalence among university students in South Africa:

• Factors determining the choice of type of medical practitioners to approach for MSD prevalence among students;

• MSD prevalence among other South African university students in general; • Long-term medical effects of MSD on university students in South Africa. The above studies are expected to further expand on the findings from this research.

REFERENCES

Abledu, J. K. & Offei, E. B., 2015. Musculoskeletal disorders among first-year Ghanaian students in a nursing college. African Health Sciences , 15(2), pp. 445-449.

Almhdawi, K. & Choobineh, E., 2017. Musculoskeletal pain symptoms among allied health professions’ students: prevalence rates and associated factors. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation , 30(6), pp. 1291-1301.

Bengtsson, A & Hansson, L (2001). Relationship to Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical Factors and Subjective Quality of Life. International journal of social psychiatry. 47 (3), 67-77.

Biokinetics Association of South Africa. (2019). What is Biokinetics. Available: https://www.biokineticssa.org.za/Public/Biokineticist_MoreInfo. Last accessed 12 Sept 2019. Boyd, P., Manheim, P. and Buhsmer, K. (2019). Sample Size Table. [online] Research- advisor.com. Available at: https://www.research-advisors.com/tools/SampleSize. Htm (2019). Caragon, P., Smith, M., Haims, M. (2009). Work Organization, Job Stress, and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. The Journal of the Human Factors& Ergonomics Society. 41 (4), 276-289.

Chiropractic Association of South Africa. (2019). What is a Chiropractor. Available: https://www.chiropractic.co.za/about-casa/#introduction. Last accessed 12 Sept 2019.

Da Costa, B; Vieira, E. (2009). Incorporating Environmental & Occupational Health. Risk factors for work‐related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies. 53 (3), 285-323.

David. G. (2005). Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational Medicine. 55 (4), 190–199.

Dawson, A. P., Steele, E. J., Hodges, P. W. & Stewart, S. (2009). Development and Test- Retest Reliability of an Extended Version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ- E): A Screening Instrument for Musculoskeletal Pain. The Journal of Pain, 10(5):517-526.

94 Dembe, A., Erickson, J., Delbos, R., Banks, S. (2005). The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States. 0ccupational Environ Med. 62 (8), 588–597.

Durmus, D. and Ilhanli, I. (2012). Are there work-related musculoskeletal problems among teachers in Samsun, Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25(1): 5-12.

Ellapen, T., Barnard, M., Swanepoel, M., Hanmill, H., Paul, Y., Strydom, G. (2018). Emerging trends in the profession of Biokinetics. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 10 (6), 71- 78.

Fethke, N., Schall, M., Detrman, E., Kitzmann, A. (2015). Neck and shoulder muscle activity among Ophthalmologists during routine clinical examinations. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 49 (1), 53-59.

Grzywacz, J & Bass, B. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work-family fit. Journal of Marriage and Family. 65 (1), 248.

Ha, C., Roguelaure, Y., Leclerc, A., Touranchet, A., Goldberg, M. and Imbemon, E. (2009). The French musculoskeletal disorders surveillance program: Pays de la Loire network. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66(7): 471-479.

Harcombe, H., McBride, D., Derrett, S., Gray, A. (2009). Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers. Public Health. 33 (5), 437-441.

Health Professions council of South Africa. (2019). Protecting the public and guiding the professions. Available: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/PBPhysiotherapy. Last accessed 12 Sept 2019.

Homeopathic Association of South Africa. (2019). Homeopathy explained. Available: https://www.homeopathy.org.za/homoeopathy-explained. Last accessed 15 Sept 2019.

Jellad, A., Lajili, H., Boudokhane, S., Migaou, H., Maatallah, S. (2013). Musculoskeletal disorders among Tunisian hospital staff: Prevalence and risk factors. Egyptain Society for Joint Diseases and Arthritis. 35 (1), 59-63.

95 Kaka, B., Idowu, O. A., Fawole, H. O., Adenlyl, A, F., Ogwumike, O. O. & Toryila, M.T. (2006). An Analysis of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Butchers in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Safety and Health at Work, 7(3):218-224.

Kitzmann, S., Fethke, N., Baratz, K., Zimmerman, B., Hackbarth, D., Gehrs, K. (2012). Survey Study of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Eye Care Physicians Compared with Family Medicine Physicians. Ophthalmology. 119 (2), 213-220.

Kuorinka, I., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, A., Vinterberg, H., Biering-Sorensen, F., Andersson, G. & Jorgensen, K. (1987). Standardised Nordic questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Applied ergonomics, 18(3):233-237.

Long, J., Naduvilath, T., Ling, H., Yip, W, Stapleton. (2011). Risk Factors for Physical Discomfort in Australian Optometrists. Optometry and Vision Science. 88 (2), 317-326.

Mohammadi, G. (2013). Musculoskeletal complaints in the working environment. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research, 16(2), 26-28.

Moodley, R., & Naidoo, S., 2015. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in KwaZulu-Natal. South African Dentistry Journal, 70(3), pp. 98-103.

Moore, K., Dalley, A., Agur, A (2012). Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. China: Wolters Kluwer. 19-36.

Morais, B., Dalmolin, G., Andolhe, R. & Dullius, A., 2015. Musculoskeletal pain in undergraduate health students: prevalence and associated factors.

Munabi, I. & Madadzedah, G ., 2014. Musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among nursing professional in low resource Musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among nursing professional in low resource. BioMed Central Nursing, 13(7), pp. 1-8.

Newman, B., Young, J., Battistutta, D., Reed, L. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors for foot and ankle musculoskeletal disorders experienced by nurses. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 15 (2), 196-200.

96 Ola leijon, Per Lindberg, Marlin Josephson and Christina Wiktorin. (2007). Different working and living conditions and their persistent musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational and Enviromental Medicine. 64 (2), 115-121.

Panebianco, C., 2017. Musculoskeletal and other performance related disorders in South African undergraduate music students. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 6(2), pp. 61-69.

Piedrahita. H. (2006). Costs of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Developing Countries. Colombia Case, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 12(4), 379-386.

Ratzlaff, T., Dicsbourg, T., McAllister, M., Hacht, M., Brissette, A. (2018). Evaluating the efficacy of an educational ergonomics module for improving slit lamb positioning in ophthalmology residents. Canadian Ophthalmological Society. 1 (2), 27-32.

Ribeiro, T., Serranheira, F., Loureiro, H. (2017). work related musculoskeletal disorders in primary health care nurses. Applied Nursing Research. 33 (1), 72-77.

Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. (2018). General practitioner (GP) services. Available: https://www.racgp.org.au/. Last accessed 15 Sept 2019.

Saberipour, B., Ghanbari, S., Gheibizadeh, M. (2018). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Iranian Nurses. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 10 (1), 34-36.

Shaw, C., Bourkiza, R., Wickham, L., Mccarthy, I., Mckechnie, C. (2017). Mechanical exposure of ophthalmic surgeons: a quantitative ergonomic evaluation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and sit-lamp biomicroscopy. Canadian Ophthalmological Society. 52 (3), 302-306.

Shieh, S., Sung, F., Su, C., Tsia, Y., Hsieh, V. (2016). Increase low back pain risk in nurses with high workload for patient care. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 55 (1), 525-529.

Shiel,W. (2005). Medical Definition of Low back pain. Available: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20587. Last accessed 6 March 2019.

97 Tinubu, B., Mbada, C., Oyeyemi, A., Fabunmi, A. (2010). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Nurses in Ibadan. Musculoskeletal Disorders. 11 (1), 1471-2474.

Tyson Gingery. (2016). Survey Basics: Types of Survey Disigns. Surveys. 1 (2), 24-34. University of Witswatersrand. (2019). Physiotherapy. Available: http://www.wits.ac.za/therapeuticsciences/physiotherapy/. Last accessed 15 Sept 2019.

Van der Windt, D., Thomas, E., Pope, D., de Winter, A., Macfarlane, G, Bouter, L and Silman, A. (2000). Occupational risk factors a systematic review. Occupational Environ Med. 57 (4), 433–442.

William, C., Shiel, Jr. (2018). Medicine Net. Medical Definition of Homeopathy. 3 (1), 21-22.

Woolf, A., Pfleger, B. (2003). Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health. 1 (2), 22-29.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A1: Health Science Departments – LETTER OF APPROVAL

Faculty of Health Science Departments: Optometry. University of Johannesburg

2000

Ms Ingrid Metsing

Permission to Conduct Research in Department of Optometry

I am currently a registered MTech: Chiropractic student at the University of Johannesburg. One of the requirements for this qualification is to conduct a research study. I would therefore like to request your permission to conduct the following study, entitled, “Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among undergraduate sport and movement sciences, optometry and nursing students at the University of Johannesburg”.

The details of my intended study are briefly outlined below:

Aim of the study

The study will attempt to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in undergraduate sport and movement sciences, optometry and nurses at the University of Johannesburg and to identify possible sociodemographic, environmental, occupational and psychosocial risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorders.

the workflow in the classroom. The information will remain confidential and anonymous, and at no point will it be possible to track the data back to the participant. On completion of the research, after the data has been captured, analyzed and a conclusion drawn, an account will be available in the form of a dissertation in the University of Johannesburg Library.

Attached please find copies of the Information letter and Informed Consent form to be provided to the targeted students.

Please contact any of the persons below should you have any queries. _____________________________

Researcher: Armand Kriel ([email protected]) or (0761615135)

Supervisor: Dr M Moodley ([email protected]) or (011-5596266) Co- Supervisor: Dr F. Ismail ([email protected] )

FURTHER INFORMATION AND CONTACT DETAILS: Should you wish to have more specific information about this research project, or have any questions, concerns or complaints about this research study, its procedures, risks and benefits, you may communicate with me using any of the contact details given above.

100

APPENDIX A2: Health Science Departments – LETTER OF APPROVAL

Faculty of Health Science Departments: Nursing. University of Johannesburg

2000

Dr Annie Temane

Permission to Conduct Research in Department of Nursing

The details of my intended study are briefly outlined below:

Aim of the study

Permission is therefore requested to conduct this study among these students. Participation in this study will be voluntary and participants will only be required to complete a questionnaire in their personal time (lunch/break time) so as not to disturb the workflow in the classroom. The information will remain confidential and anonymous, and at no point will it be possible to track the data back to the participant.

101

On completion of the research, after the data has been captured, analyzed and a conclusion drawn, an account will be available in the form of a dissertation in the University of Johannesburg Library.

Attached please find copies of the Information letter and Informed Consent form to be provided to the targeted students.

Please contact any of the persons below should you have any queries. _____________________________

Researcher: Armand Kriel ([email protected]) or (0761615135)

Supervisor: Dr M Moodley ([email protected]) or (011-5596266) Co- Supervisor: Dr F. Ismail ([email protected] )

102

APPENDIX A3: Health Science Departments – LETTER OF APPROVAL

Faculty of Health Science Departments: Sport and movement science. University of Johannesburg

2000

Prof Chris Roux

Permission to Conduct Research in Department of Sport and movement science

The details of my intended study are briefly outlined below:

Aim of the study

103

On completion of the research, after the data has been captured, analyzed and a conclusion drawn, an account will be available in the form of a dissertation in the University of Johannesburg Library.

Attached please find copies of the Information letter and Informed Consent form to be provided to the targeted students.

Please contact any of the persons below should you have any queries. _____________________________

Researcher: Armand Kriel ([email protected]) or (0761615135)

Supervisor: Dr M Moodley ([email protected]) or (011-5596266) Co- Supervisor: Dr F. Ismail ([email protected] )

104

105

DEPARTMENT OF CHIROPRACTIC RESEARCH STUDY INFORMATION LETTER

15 March 2019

Good Day

My name is Armand Kriel, I WOULD LIKE TO INVITE YOU TO PARTICIPATE in a research study on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in undergraduate sport and movement science, nursing and optometry students at the University of Johannesburg

Before you decide on whether to participate, I would like to explain to you why the research is being done and what it will involve for you. I will go through the information letter with you and answer any questions you have. This should take about 10 to 20 minutes. The study is part of a research project being completed as a requirement for a my master’s Degree in Chiropractic through the University of Johannesburg.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY is to determine which bodily regions are most commonly affected and injured in undergraduate Sport and Movement science, Optometry and Nursing students at the University of Johannesburg. There will be no risk factors for the participant in this study.

Below, I have compiled a set of questions and answers that I believe will assist you in understanding the relevant details of participation in this research study. Please read APPENDIX C: Information Letter

106

through these. If you have any further questions, I will be happy to answer them for you.

1. DO I HAVE TO TAKE PART? No, you don’t have to. It is up to you to decide to

participate in the study. I will describe the study and go through this information sheet. If you agree to take part, I will then ask you to sign a consent form.

2. WHAT EXACTLY WILL I BE EXPECTED TO DO IF I AGREE TO PARTICIPATE? You will be expected to fill out the questionnaire and submit it for research purposes. This should take about 10 to 15 minutes of your time.

3. WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF I WANT TO WITHDRAW FROM THE STUDY? If you decide to participate, you are free to withdraw your consent at any time, up until submission of the survey, without giving a reason and without any consequences. If you wish to withdraw your consent, you should inform me as soon as possible.

4. IF I CHOOSE TO PARTICIPATE, WILL THERE BE ANY EXPENSES FOR ME, OR PAYMENT DUE TO ME? You will not be paid to participate in this study, and you will not bear any expenses of participating either.

5. IF I CHOOSE TO PARTICIPATE, WHAT ARE THE RISKS INVOLVED? There is no anticipated risk associated with filling in the questionnaire physically.

6. IF I CHOOSE TO PARTICIPATE, WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS INVOLVED? There would be no direct benefits to you.

7. WILL MY PARTICIPATION IN THIS STUDY BE KEPT CONFIDENTIAL? All reasonable efforts will be made to keep your personal information confidential and respect your right to privacy. You will not be identified in any research reports that are published. Under some circumstances, such as when required to do so by a court of law, I may have to disclose your personal information. In addition, it may happen that your information will need to be reviewed by another organisation for quality assurance purposes. I will tell you about this if it happens.

107

8. WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH STUDY? The results will be written into a research report that will be assessed. In some cases, results may also be published in a scientific journal. In either case, you will not be identifiable in any documents, reports or publications. You will be given access to the results of this if you would like to see them, by contacting me.

9. WHO IS ORGANISING AND FUNDING THIS RESEARCH STUDY? The study is being organised by me, under the guidance of my research supervisor at the Department of Chiropractic at the University of Johannesburg. This study has not received any funding.

10. WHO HAS REVIEWED AND APPROVED THIS STUDY? Before this study was allowed to start, it was reviewed in order to protect your interests. This review was done first by the Department of Chiropractic, and then secondly by the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of Johannesburg. In both cases, the study was approved.

11. ARE THERE ANY CONFLICT OF INTERESTS PERTAINING TO THIS STUDY? There is no conflict of interests held by anyone involved in this study.

12. WHAT IF THERE IS A PROBLEM? If you have any concerns or complaints about this research study, its procedures or risks and benefits, you should ask me. You should contact me at any time if you feel you have any concerns about being a part of this study. My contact details are:

Armand Kriel 0761615135

[email protected]

You may also contact my research supervisor: Dr M Moodley

[email protected] 011-5596266

108

If you feel that any questions or complaints regarding your participation in this study have not been dealt with adequately, you may contact the Chairperson of the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of Johannesburg:

Prof. Christopher Stein Tel: 011 559-6564 Email: [email protected]

FURTHER INFORMATION AND CONTACT DETAILS: Should you wish to have more specific information about this research project information, have any questions, concerns or complaints about this research study, its procedures, risks and benefits, you should communicate with me using any of the contact details given above.

Researcher:

Armand Kriel

109

APPENDIX D: Participant Consent Form

DEPARTMENT OF CHIROPRACTIC RESEARCH CONSENT FORM

PREVALENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE SPORT AND MOVEMENT SCIENCE, NURSING AND OPTOMETRY STUDENTS AT

THE UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG.

Please initial each box below:

I confirm that I have read and understand the information letter dated _______________ for the above study. I have had the opportunity to consider the information, ask questions and have had these answered satisfactorily.

I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw from this study at any time without giving any reason and without any consequences to me.

110

_________________ ___________________ ______________ Name of Participant Signature of Participant Date

_______________________ ________________________________________

111

APPENDIX E: Questionnaire

Please answer by placing a cross in the most appropriate box, there should be one cross per a question.

Section A:

1. Gender: Female Male Other

2. Age at last birthday:

years old

3a. Height (m): 3b. Weight (kg):

4. Marital status: Single (Never married)

Married Divorced/ Separated

Widowed Other

5. Are you: _{Right Handed} _{Left Handed}

Section B:

1. Which course are you studying?

Sport and Movement

science

Optometry Nursing

2. What year are you in? ₁st ₂nd ₃rd

4th ₅th ₆th

3. How many hours per week do you spend sitting in

class? <10 hours 10-20 hours 20-30 hours >30 hours 4. Please rate your seated

posture at university. Very poor Poor Average Good Excellent 5. How many hours per week

do you spend in practical classes?

0-5 hours 6-10 hours 11-15 hours 16-20 hours 6. Please rate your repetitive

movements in your practical subjects. Not at all repetitive A little repetitive Moderately repetitive Highly repetitive Very highly repetitive 7. During practical classes do

you mostly: Sit Stand Walk Bend over

In document Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among undergraduate Health Sciences students at the University of Johannesburg (Page 93-119)