Renewable Energy Generation

In considering the energy crisis and sustainable development, renewable energy generation is becoming more and more important. Compared to conventional generation (thermal power, hydropower, nuclear generation, etc), renewable energy generation (wind power, solar power, etc) is much more uncertain. It is a great challenge to interconnect renewable energy generation to power systems. Therefore, one important task of Smart Grid is to provide a dynamic platform for free and safe interconnection of renewable energy generation to power systems. Smart Grid will play an important role in ensuring power supply security and sustainable development.

According to different kinds of energy, studies of renewable energy generation can be classified into the following categories:

• Wind power (testing and certification of wind turbines, design requirements of wind turbines, assessment and measurement of wind power, etc.)

• Solar power (test and certification of photovoltaic devices, utility interface of photovoltaic systems, over-voltage protection of photovoltaic systems, assessment and measurement of solar power)

• Marine power (design requirements for marine energy systems, assessment of performance of wave energy converters, etc.)

• Fuel cell (safety of fuel cell power systems, performance test method for fuel, etc.)

• Pumped storage (acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines, etc.)

• Distributed generation (distributed resources interconnected with power systems, design, test interconnecting and protection of small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification, etc.)

• Nuclear generation (interconnecting of nuclear generation, etc.)

• Conventional generation (test and certification for hydraulic turbines, communication networks for power utility automation, interconnecting of conventional power plants to power systems, active power and frequency control, reliability standards, protection and control, etc.)

• Marine Power

Nowadays large-scale solar photovoltaic generation plants the size of 10 GW are under

will bring on great challenges to power system security. Interconnecting standards for large-scale renewable energy generation plants are urgently needed.

Marine power generation will typically have different load profiles that are highly variable as far as resources are concerned. For tidal power, these load profiles are predictable, however for wave power, the nature of the resource results in an intermittent loading profiling, similar to some extent to wind energy. Where a SmartGrid is to be designed to incorporate a wave or tidal generation unit, the designer shall take into account the intermittency and possible profiles of this generation. The designer shall consider the requirements and information provided in the IEC 62600 series. Designers of Smart Grids that are to incorporate a wave or tidal generation unit shall consider the work programme of TC 114 in order to identify any forthcoming documents that could be relevant.

4.3.13.2 Requirements

Technical standards for interconnecting to power systems of different kinds of renewable energy generation should be paid special attention and fully studied, to meet the requirements of the present and future development of renewable energy and power grids. Technical standards for renewable energy generation in different sizes and at different voltage levels should be studied. In particular, technical standards for large-scale renewable energy generation plants should be studied as soon as possible.

Technical standards for manufacturing, testing, maintenance and management of devices for renewable energy generation should be studied and developed.

4.3.13.3 Existing Standards Product Standards – Wind Power

IEC 61400 series (Parts 1, 2, 3, 11, 12-1, 12, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25), Wind turbines ISO 81400-4, Wind turbines - Part 4: Design and specification of gearboxes

Product standards- Solar voltaic IEC-60904 series, Photovoltaic devices

IEC 60904-1, Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics

IEC 60904-2, Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for reference solar devices

IEC 60904-3, Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data

IEC 60904-4, Photovoltaic devices - Part 4: Reference solar devices - Procedures for establishing calibration traceability

IEC 60904-5, Photovoltaic devices - Part 5: Determination of the equivalent cell temperature (ECT) of photovoltaic (PV) devices by the open-circuit voltage method

IEC 60904-6, Photovoltaic devices - Part 6: Requirements for reference solar modules

IEC 60904-7, Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices

IEC 60904-8, Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral response of a photovoltaic (PV) device

IEC 60904-9, Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements IEC 60904-10, Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement IEC 61194, Characteristic parameters of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems

IEC 61724, Photovoltaic system performance monitoring - Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis

IEC 61730 series, Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification

IEC 61730-1, Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification- Part 1: Requirements for construction

IEC 61730-2, Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification - Part 2: Requirements for testing IEC/TS 61836, Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terms, definitions and symbols

IEC 62446, Grid connected photovoltaic systems - Minimum requirements for system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection

IEC/TS 62257, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification

IEC 61727, Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Characteristics of the utility interface Product standards- Fuel Cells

IEC 62282 series, Fuel cell technologies

IEC 62282-1, Fuel cell technologies - Part 1: Terminology IEC 62282-2, Fuel cell technologies - Part 2: Fuel cell modules

IEC 62282-3-1, Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-1: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Safety IEC 62282-3-2, Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-2: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods

IEC 62282-3-3, Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-3: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Installation

IEC 62282-5-1, Fuel cell technologies - Part 5-1: Portable fuel cell power systems - Safety IEC 62282-6-200, Fuel cell technologies - Part 6-200: Micro fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods

IEC 62282-6-300, Fuel cell technologies - Part 6-300: Micro fuel cell power systems - Fuel cartridge interchangeability

Product standards- Pumped Storage

IEC 60193, Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines - Model acceptance tests IEC 60041, Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines

Product standards- Distributed Generation

IEC 62257 series, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification

IEC 62257-1, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 1: General introduction to rural electrification

IEC 62257-2, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 2: From requirements to a range of electrification systems

IEC 62257-3, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 3: Project development and management

IEC 62257-4, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 4: System selection and design

IEC 62257-5, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 5: Protection against electrical hazards

IEC 62257-6, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 6: Acceptance, operation, maintenance and replacement

IEC 62257-7, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 7: Generators

IEC 62257-7-3, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 7-3: Generator set - Selection of generator sets for rural electrification systems

IEC 62257-8-1, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 8-1: Selection of batteries and battery management systems for stand-alone electrification systems - Specific case of automotive flooded lead-acid batteries available in developing countries

IEC 62257-9-1, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 9-1: Micropower systems

IEC 62257-9-2, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 9-2: Microgrids

IEC 62257-9-3, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 9-3: Integrated system - User interface

IEC 62257-9-4, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 9-4: Integrated system - User installation

IEC 62257-9-5, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 9-5: Integrated system - Selection of portable PV lanterns for rural electrification projects

IEC 62257-9-6, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification - Part 9-6: Integrated system - Selection of Photovoltaic Individual Electrification Systems (PV-IES)

IEEE 1547, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems IEEE 1547.3, Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems

MAIN Guide NO. 3B, Procedure for The Uniform Rating And Reporting Of Non-Conventional Resource Capability

Product standards - Nuclear Generation

NERC Standard NUC-001-1, Nuclear Plant Interface Coordination Product Standards – Conventional Power

IEC standards

IEC 60308, Hydraulic turbines - Testing of control systems

IEC 61850-410, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation – Part 7-410: Hydroelectric power plants – Communication for monitoring and control

4.3.13.4 Gaps

IEC standards need to add new standards for wind power and solar power. There are two missing standards for wind power: Wind turbine/wind farm low voltage ride through capability testing standard; and Wind power generation prediction standard. There are three missing standards for solar power: Testing methodology and regulation for PV system connecting to power grid; PV system low voltage ride through capability testing standard; and PV power generation prediction standard.

4.3.13.5 Recommendations Recommendation S-REG-1

Currently the IEC 61400 standard series does not include a wind turbine/wind farm low voltage ride through capability testing standard. This standard needs to be established in order to meet the requirements of low voltage ride through capability testing of grid-connected wind farms. The standard should be the necessary added core standard.

Recommendation S-REG-2

Currently the IEC standard series does not include a wind power generation prediction standard. This standard needs to be established in order to meet the requirements of wind power generation prediction of grid-connected wind farms. The standard should be the necessary added core standard.

Recommendation S-REG-3

Currently the IEC standard series does not include a testing methodology and regulation for PV systems connecting to power grids. This standard needs to be established in order to meet the requirements of testing methodology and regulation for PV systems connecting to power grids. The standard should be the necessary added core standard.

Recommendation S-REG-4

Currently the IEC standard series does not include a PV system low voltage ride through capability testing standard. This standard needs to be established in order to meet the requirements of low voltage ride through capability testing of grid-connected PV systems. The standard should be the necessary added core standard.

Recommendation S-REG-5

Currently the IEC standard series does not include a PV power generation prediction standard. This standard needs to be established in order to meet the requirements of PV power generation prediction of grid-connected PV systems. The standard should be the necessary added core standard.

4.4 Other General Requirements