• No results found

Report on CDS Markit Data Clean-up for TICKERS &

3.9 Essay II Appendices

3.9.5 Report on CDS Markit Data Clean-up for TICKERS &

& COMP NAMES

Markit Look-Up Dimensions: TICKER, Company Name, Date Period(s)

Issues:

1. Tickers may get recycled and as such multiple matches available when merged with other databases

2. Company names are in short form or miss spaces/dots in Markit so cannot automatically be matched. Need manual review.

Solution:

Review the complete Ticker/CompName list from Markit and verify their identi- fication (i.e. match with the unique PERMNO from CRSP).

• Use Google/Yahoo Finance search engines. • Confirm Private/Public Companies

• Find alternative names and tickers

Manual Correction Steps

1. Look up the ticker in CRSP full database

2. If the ticker and company name match fully, there should be one unique PERMNO. Record any alternative names.

3. If there are alternatives, provide correct match for the time period provided in Markit.

4. If there are no matches, use Google and Yahoo finance searches. – Is the com- pany a Private company?

Results Statistics

There are total of 1833 unique Ticker/Comp Name combination in the CDS Markit Database. The final correction and inclusion provided final match of 1203 compa- nies in total.

From the remaining, the provided correction notes indicate that:

a. 15 firms are subsidiaries with parent company not found before, so parent ticker is provided.

c. Total of 340 unmatched tickers are Subsidiaries with their parents present in the database.

d. Fewer than 10 firms are result of mergers or acquisitions that are still valid for inclusion. Details provided.

3.10

References

Anginer, D., and Yildizhan C., 2010. Is there a Distress Risk Anomaly? Corporate Bond Spread as a Proxy for Default Risk, Working Paper.

Ang, A. and J. Chen, 2002. Asymmetric Correlation of Equity Portfolios, Journal of Financial Economics, 63 (3), 443-494.

Bayraktar, E., 2008. Pricing Options on Defaultable Stocks, Applied Mathemati- cal Finance, 15(3), 277304.

Bayraktar, E., and Yang, B., 2011. A unified framework for pricing credit and equity derivatives. Mathematical Finance, 21(3), 493-517.

Bakshi, Gurdip and Nikunj Kapadia, 2003. Volatility risk premiums embedded in Individual equity options: Some new insights, Journal of Derivatives, 10, Fall, 45-54.

Bakshi, G., Kapadia N., Madan D., 2003. Stock Return Characteristics, Skew Laws, and the Differential Pricing of Individual Equity Options, Review of Finan- cial Studies, 16(1): 101-143.

Bates, D. S., 2000. Post-’87 crash fears in the S&P 500 futures option market. Journal of Econometrics, 94(1), 181-238.

Beber A., Brandt M.W., 2010. When It Cannot Get Better or Worse: The Asym¬metric Impact of Good and Bad News on Bond Returns in Expansions and Recessions, Review of Finance, 14(1), 119-155.

Bharath, S. T., and Shumway, T., 2008. Forecasting default with the Merton dis- tance to default model. Review of Financial Studies, 21(3), 1339-1369.

Bollen, N and Robert E. Whaley, 2004. Does Net Buying Pressure Affect the Shape of Implied Volatility Functions?, Journal of Finance 59, p.711-753.

Bongaerts, D., De Jong, F. And Driessen, J., 2011, Derivative Pricing with Liq- uidity Risk: Theory and Evidence from the Credit Default Swap Market. Journal

of Finance, 66: 203240.

Buraschi, A. and J. Jackwerth, 2001. The price of a smile: hedging and spanning in option markets, Review of Financial Studies, 14(2), 495-527.

Cˆamara, A., Popova, I., and Simkins, B., 2012. A comparative study of the prob- ability of default for global financial firms. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(3), 717-732.

Campbell, John Y., and Glen B. Taksler, 2003. Equity Volatility and Corporate Bond Yields, Journal of Finance, 58, 23212350.

Campbell, John Y., Jens Hilscher, and Jan Szilagyi, 2008. In Search of Distress Risk, Journal of Finance, 63, 2899-2939.

Carr, P., and Wu, L. 2009a. Variance risk premiums. Review of Financial Studies, 22(3), 1311-1341.

Carr, P., and Wu, L. 2009b. Stock options and credit default swaps: A joint frame- work for valuation and estimation. Journal of Financial Econometrics, nbp010.

Cao, M., Wei J., 2010. Option market liquidity: Commonality and other charac- teristics, Journal of Financial Markets, 13, 1, 20-48.

Cao, C.,Yu F., Zhong Z., 2010. The information content of option-implied volatil- ity for credit default swap valuation, Journal of Financial Markets, 13, 3, 321-343.

Carr P. and L. Wu, 2011. A Simple Robust Link Between American Puts and Credit Protection, Review of Financial Studies, 24(2), 473-505.

Carr, P., Madan, D. B., 2010. Local volatility enhanced by a jump to default. SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics, 1(1), 2-15.

Chava, S., Ganduri, R. and Ornthanalai, C., Are Credit Ratings Still Relevant? (WP April 5, 2015). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2023998

Chava, S., and Jarrow, R. A. (2004). Bankruptcy prediction with industry effects. Review of Finance, 8(4), 537-569.

Chava S., Purnanandam A., 2010. Is Default Risk Negatively Related to Stock Returns? Review of Financial Studies, 23(6): 2523-2559.

Chen, L., Lesmond, D. A. and Wei, J, 2007. Corporate Yield Spreads and Bond Liquidity. Journal of Finance, 62: 119149.

Chen, N., Kou, S. G., 2009. Credit spreads, optimal capital structure, and implied volatility with endogenous default and jump risk. Mathematical Finance, 19(3), 343-378.

Collin-Dufresne, P., Goldstein, R. S., Martin, S., 2001. The determinants of credit spread changes, Journal of Finance, 56:2177207.

Coval, J. D., and T. Shumway, 2001. Expected option returns, Journal of Finance 56, 983-1009.

Cremers, M., Driessen, J., Maenhout, P., 2008a. Explaining the level of credit spreads: Option-implied jump risk premia in a firm value model. Review of Fi- nancial Studies. 21, 2209-2242.

Cremers, M., Driessen, J., Maenhout, P., Weinbaum, D., 2008b. Individual stock- option prices and credit spreads. Journal of Banking and Finance, 32, 27062715.

Crosbie, P. J., and Bohn, J. R., 2001. Modeling Default Risk, KMV LLC 2001.

Da, Z., and Gao, P., 2010. Clientele change, liquidity shock, and the return on financially distressed stocks.

Das, S. R., Hanouna, P., Sarin, A., 2009, Accounting-based versus market-based cross-sectional models of CDS spreads, Journal of Banking & Finance, 33, 3784266.

Das, S. R., Hanouna, P., 2009, Hedging credit: Equity liquidity matters, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 18, 1042-9573.

Dennis, P., Mayhew S., 2002. Risk-neutral skewness: Evidence from index op- tions. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 37, 471 493.

Duan, J.C., Wei, J., 2009. Systematic risk and the price structure of individual equity options. Review of Financial Studies 22,19812006.

Ericsson, J., Jacobs, K., and Oviedo, R., 2009. The determinants of credit default swap premia. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44(01), 109-132.

Fama, Eugene F., 1998. Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral fi- nance, Journal of Financial Economics 49, 283306.

Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French, 1993. Common risk factors in the re- turns on stocks and bonds, Journal of Financial Economics 33, 356.

Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French, 1996. Multifactor explanations of asset pricing anomalies, Journal of Finance 51, 5584.

Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French, 2008. Dissecting anomalies, Journal of Finance 63, 16531678.

Fama, Eugene F., and James MacBeth, 1973. Risk, return, and equilibrium: Em¬pirical tests, Journal of Political Economy 71, 607636.

Faulkender, M., and Petersen, M. A., 2006. Does the source of capital affect cap- ital structure?. Review of financial studies, 19(1), 45-79.

Garlappi, L., and Yan, H., 2011. Financial Distress and the Cross-section of Eq- uity Returns. The Journal of Finance, 66(3), 789-822.

Han B., Zhou Y., 2011. Term Structure of Credit Default Swap Spreads and Cross Section of Stock Returns, Working Paper.

Han, B., Subrahmanyam A., and Zhou Y., The Term Structure of Credit Spreads and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns (WP: February 5, 2015). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2560693

Hanke, M., 2005. Pricing options on leveraged equity with default risk and ex- ponentially increasing, finite maturity debt, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 29, 3, 389-421.

Harvey, C.R., Siddique, A., 2000. Conditional skewness in asset pricing tests. Journal of Finance 55, 12631295.

Johnson, H., Stulz, R., 1987. The Pricing of Options with Default Risk, Journal of Finance, 42, 2, 267-280.

Jones, C. S., 2006. A nonlinear factor analysis of S&P 500 index option returns. The Journal of Finance, 61(5), 2325-2363.

Leary, M. T., 2009. Bank loan supply, lender choice, and corporate capital struc- ture. The Journal of Finance, 64(3), 1143-1185.

Lemmon, M., and M. R. Roberts. The response of corporate financing and invest- ment to changes in the supply of credit.” 2010: 555-587.

Longstaff, Francis A., Sanjay Mithal, and Eric Neis, 2005. Corporate yield spreads: Default risk or liquidity? New evidence from the credit default swap market, Jour- nal of Finance 60, 22132253.

Petersen, M. A., 2009. Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: Comparing approaches. Review of financial studies, 22(1), 435-480.

Shumway, Tyler, 2001. Forecasting bankruptcy more accurately: A simple hazard model, Journal of Business 74, 101124.

Sufi, A., 2009. Bank lines of credit in corporate finance: An empirical analysis. Review of Financial Studies, 22(3), 1057-1088.

Tang, D.Y., Yan, H., 2010. Market conditions, default risk and credit spreads, Journal of Banking & Finance 34 (2010) 743–753.

Thompson, S. B. (2006 received; 2011 published). Simple formulas for standard errors that cluster by both firm and time. Journal of Financial Economics, 99(1),

1-10.

Vassalou, M., 2003. News related to future GDP growth as a risk factor in equity returns. Journal of financial economics, 68(1), 47-73.

Vassalou, Maria, and Yuhang Xing, 2004. Default risk in equity returns, Journal of Finance 59, 831868.

White, L. J., 2010. Markets: The credit rating agencies. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 211-226.

Zhang, B.Y., Zhou, H. , and Zhu, H., 2009. Explaining credit default swap spreads with the equity volatility and jump risks of individual firms, Review of Financial Studies, 22, 12.