Reporting through embedded quotation, circumstantiation and

In the Japanese corpus, two observations are made in relation to the construal of knowledge in news report. First, there is a tendency toward experiential projection of locution and idea through circumstance of matter ni tsuite 8 ‘about’ or angle ni yoru ‘according to’ (Example 4-25). Second, the locution of the Sayer is sometimes projected as an embedded proposition or proposal, which serves as a Modifier of a Head noun functioning as a Circumstance or a Participant as illustrated in Example 4-24 below.

In Example 4-24, the deployment of verbal process in the construal of knowledge about the judgement made by the Tokyo Supreme Court regarding

the balance between “protection of privacy” and “freedom of expression” is exemplified in an excerpt from a Japanese news report (Text07). This excerpt consists of a clause simplex organized in a simple experiential configuration:

Circumstance ^ Senser ^ Phenomenon ^ Process. However, the lexicogrammatical realization of the elements both Circumstance in (1) and Phenomenon (2) contains verbal projections realized in intricate layers of nominalization and clause-embedding.

Example 4-24 Japanese - embedded projection as Modifier of Circumstance

6 3 T e

T e 4

(1) ‘At an authorized appeal trial of provisional disposition allegations [[where a man who has a past record of being arrested requested Google of America to delete articles about his arrest from search results of the internet search site Google]], (2)the Supreme Court third small court (presiding judge Okabe Kiyoko) indicated the first judgement [[that it is possible to ask for the deletion of the search results if it is clear that "privacy” is superior to “freedom of expression” of search business entities"]].’

A detailed analysis of the experiential configuration reveals that both the Circumstance in (1) and Phenomenon in (2) contain embedded clauses that function as Modifier for the Head noun. In (1), an imperating reported proposal [[…]] kiji o sakujo suru yoo e 9 ‘(request) to delete the articles’ is down-ranked to an embedded clause to modify the Circumstance: place kyoka kookoku-shin de [[ ]] “at the authorized appeal trail”. In (2), the Phenomenon contains a Head noun

hatsu handan ‘first judgement’ that is modified by an embedded clause, which is linked by the relator to no T that consists of a projection marker to , and a postpositional possessive marker no T forming a construction of Modifier: [[clause]] to no <-Head. (cf. agnate construction of Modifier:

[[clause]] to iu <-Head as described in Teruya, 2007:451). From an interpersonal perspective, the Negotiatory marker to assigns a status of projected speech or idea to the embedded clause, whether it is a proposition or a proposal. In this case, the projected speech contains a proposition made by the judge: ‘under condition X, it is possible to request the deletion of search results’. The proposition is projected by a projecting noun hatsu handan

‘first judgement’, which corresponds to the mental desiderative process handan suru ‘to judge’. It is observed that this construction of Modifier: [[clause]] to no <-Head where the Head noun is of mental or verbal projection kind is common in Japanese news reporting e.g. kojin joohoo no hogo taisei o kyooka subeki' to no koe ga agatte iru 5 T

e 6 T 8 ‘voices <<about the protection

system of personal information should be strengthened>> are raised’ (Text

relator to no include to no shiteki T “indication that” and to no chuu’i T ‘warning that’ and to no gi nen T ‘suspicion that’. As explained in Teruya (2007:452), “the noun realizing the Head ‘restates in other words’ the meaning represented in the embedded clause realizing the Modifier…the noun functioning as a Head is the element that projects the embedded clause.”

News articles that report on court ruling as in Example 4-25 construe knowledge about privacy that has a high impact on the shared social reality.

In the meaning-making process, the judge or the court as Sayer plays a significant role in creating and shaping the social reality of privacy, as the decision or judgement made in court means a change in the social value of privacy. For example, in text 08, what was considered as ‘private’ and protected by the law of “freedom to be forgotten” by the local supreme court in Saitama prefecture was re-valued and re-defined as ‘public’ by the Tokyo high court. The argument was that when the content is of public interest,

“freedom of expression” by business search entities takes precedence over

“freedom to be forgotten”. The knowledge about privacy construed in this news report created a new social reality of privacy that over-rides the previous one as shared by the members of the social community, which also affects the way that privacy will be handled in successive cases. It can be observed from the news report that the social reality of privacy is subject to on-going shaping and modifying through social exchanges among its members in the discourse community, especially discourses that have legal-binding power. A new law may pass, and the plaintiff may appeal, which may result in an approval or rejection of the appeal, leading to a different reality to be shared by the community.

Apart from projecting locutions through verbal processes, it is observed that quoting sources through circumstance of angle (Example 4-25) is also common in the Japanese corpus.

Example 4-25 Japanese - projecting through circumstance (angle)

[Circumstance: angle]2016-nenban joohoo tsuushin hakusho ni yoru to, [Projection: fact] 15 nenmatsu no intaanetto riyoo-ritsu wa 13 ~ 59-sai de 90%

choo. 60 ~ 64-sai de 82%, 70-dai demo 54% ni noboru.

3 T r t

4 ) 3( ] T 4

‘According to the information communication white paper of 2016, the Internet usage rate at the end of 2003 is 13 to 59 years old, which is over 90%. 82% at the age of 60 to 64 years, 54% at the age of 70s.’

Finally, the reporter sometimes quotes and reports by means of interpersonal resources to project a locution as a ‘hearsay’ e.g. to iu “it is said that” (see Example 4-26 whereby the projection is ‘impersonal’ as in it seems/it is rumored that (cf. Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014:539) where the source of the quotation is left implicit without a Sayer / Senser.

Example 4-26 Japanese - quoting unidentified source to iu (evidentiality)

Yuuryoo-ban o tsukau to anzen-sei ga takamaru to iu

e 9 89 (Text 05)

‘It is said that if one uses a paid version, safety will increase.’

In Example 4-26, the source of the information is unknown, and the social reality created here is based on some unidentified general sayings. The function of the impersonal projection to iu 89 here carries a semantic function of ‘hearsay’, a subtype of evidentiality, which is part of the interpersonal meaning and will be discussed in detail together with other interpersonal resources for realizing modality and evidentiality in Japanese in Section 5.4.2 of Chapter 5.

4.6.3 Summary of discussion

In news report, knowledge about privacy is commonly construed through quoting and reporting speeches and thoughts of the participants, creating first and second order realities of privacy that can be shared by the members of the community. In terms of privacy as a social reality, the core values and issues created in news report are similar to those in expert opinion in that events and happenings, especially rulings in court cases resonate with the general concerns about the social value and the protection of privacy. Similar to expert opinion, participants that are assigned the role of Sayer in news report include institutions, government, users, and the judge, whose locutions and ideas are often cited as evidence or examples of propositions put forth by the speaker (reporter). However, unlike the speaker in expert opinion (professional expert) who tends to explicitly project a position through a mental process using the first-person pronoun as in I think, the speaker (reporter) in news report usually projects the ‘reporter’s voice, if any, through quoting proposals and propositions from other sources.

In the English corpus, quoting and reporting are sometimes employed to contrast reported speech as background of the event from quoted speech as the focus of the report, e.g. legitimate words from the judge or comments that contain appraisals and evaluations from different sources to make the news article more compelling. In the Japanese corpus, it is observed that the embedding of proposals and propositions as Modifier of the Head noun, usually a Circumstance or Participant (see Example 4-24) is frequently employed, creating a sense of objectivity and distance in reporting the news story. In addition to the preference for embedding quoted or reported speech as Modifier of Head noun that functions as Circumstance or Participant, the fact that only conscious being can project a locution in Japanese (cf. Teruya, 2007:230-231) also constrains some of the otherwise potential inanimate candidates such as letter, report, post, etc. from being assigned Sayer role. For example, in English, the report said, is usually constructed as Circumstance in Japanese as in ripooto de wa ‘by (means of) the report’ or ripooto ni yoru to ‘according to the report’. Moreover, Japanese also tends to employ impersonal projection using evidential such as

to iu 89 ‘it is said that’ and soo da 9 ‘it seems that’ to quote without a specified source.

Although the focus and linguistic resources employed to create knowledge in privacy in news report may be different between Japanese and English, the essence of ‘reporting’ in news story is similar. The socio-semiotic process of reporting instantiated in news report not only contributes to the creation of the social reality of privacy, but also to the ongoing shaping of the shared reality in the discourse/ social community. It is the news articles that report on the constant changing social practices through which the meaning of privacy is defined and re-defined by the interactants of the social community that makes news report a valuable and powerful resource in constructing the shared reality of privacy.

This concludes the discussion of the major findings in the experiential construal of privacy as a social reality in written discourse as instantiated in legal terms and policies, expert opinions and news reports (see Table 4-7 for a summary of the experiential resources selected to construe privacy as an experience in the respective social contexts). In the next section (4.7), I will discuss the cross-linguistic variation in creating privacy as a social reality across the three socio-semiotic processes in Japanese and English. I will discuss features and issues identified in relation to the implications on contrastive analysis and translation studies.

Context of situation

Socio-semiotic process

Experiential Example Social reality of privacy

construed in the ideational the Agent who has the right and is responsible for relaxing the

User is construed as the Agent who is responsible for relaxing

By using or participating in any Service … , you consent to the collection, disclosure, transfer, storage and processing of your information …

User is assigned the participant role as the ‘agreeing party’ of the

“automatic contract” in sharing the right to privacy with the service provider

This helps us prevent spam, fraud or abuse

Sharing and disclosing personal information is legitimized through necessity and benefits

Enabling:

User is construed as the Actor that directly controls and

We consumers have no choice in the matter.

We are done.

“We” (professional expert + general reader) are construed as victims in the event of personal information collection and

I do believe, however, that it deliberately tries to deceive us when it claims the new privacy policy seeks "to provide you with as much transparency and choice

Spotify wants to see your photos and see who you’re talking to

The institution (non-interactant) is construed as “Invader” of personal privacy

News report Reporting verbal write

verbal say argue write

Sayer: the plaintiffs

Projected locution: they never gave permission for Facebook…

Sayer: Facebook Projected locution: that photo-tagging is disclosed in its terms of service…

In the case against Facebook, the plaintiffs say

they never gave permission for Facebook to use their faces as biometric identifiers.

Facebook argues

that photo-tagging is disclosed in its terms of service…

Second-order reality projected through reports by different Sayers

Table 4-7 A summary of experiential resources selected to construe privacy as an experience in three social contexts¹²

12 Examples in Table 4-7 are illustrative of the representative features from the semantic categories in each social context and is given in English only. Japanese examples are presented and discussed from a contrastive perspective with reference to English in the respective sections within Chapter 4.

4.7 Cross-linguistic variation in construing privacy as a social