Chapter 4 Research Design and Methods
4.2 Research design
Three hundred healthy subjects consisting of 158 females (52.7%) and 142 males (47.3%) took part in this study (Fig. 10). The age range of the subjects was 16 - 77 years. Age group 20 - 29 had the highest number of subjects for both male and female; with 71 males and 75 females (Fig. 11). The mean age for this study was 34.06 ( 12.5 SD). For the males, the mean age was 35.34 ( 13.8 SD), (range 16 – 77 years) while for the females, it was 32.91 (11.1SD), (range 16 – 70 years). (Fig 11)
The mean height of the sample was 1.66m ( 0.09SD) (range 1.48m – 1.93m). The mean for males was 1.71m (0.08SD) while that for females was 1.62m (0.07SD). The mean weight was 68.2kg (12.9 SD) (range 43 – 117kg).
The mean weight for males was 70.2kg (10.7SD) range 44 – 107kg); while for females, mean weight was 66.4kg (14.5SD) (range 43 – 117kg). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.7 (4.3SD) (range 12.7 – 40.2). The mean BMI for males was 24.0 (3.3 SD) (range 12.7 – 33.4), while for females the mean BMI was 25.4(5.0 SD) (range 16-40).
For the mean dimensions for Midclavicular (MCL), MidAxillary line (MAL), Anteroposterior (APD), Diagonal (DIA), and Right parasternal (PSL) were 12.3cm (1.2SD) (range 9.3-15.1), 15.2cm (0.7SD) (range 12.8-17.6), 13.8cm (1.5SD) (range 9.6-17.2), 19.8cm (1.3SD) (range17.0-23), 10.1cm (1.1SD) (range 6.7-12.8), respectively. For the males, the dimensions were 12.3cm (1.2SD), 15.1cm (0.9 SD), 13.8cm (1.5SD), 20.2cm (1.2SD), 10.0cm (1.1SD) respectively. The corresponding measurements of MCL, MAL, APD, DIA, PSL)
for the females were 12.4cm (1.2SD), 15.3cm (0.9SD), 13.7cm (1.5SD), 19.4cm (1.35SD), 10.4cm (1.1SD) respectively. (table 1)
The different age, height, weight, and BMI groups and the liver dimensions are shown (Table 2-5)
FIG. 10: PIE CHART SHOWING SEX DISTRIBUTION
SEX
52.7%
47.3%
FEMALE
MALE
Age
70 - 79 Years 60 - 69 Years 50 - 59 Years 40 - 49 Years 30 - 39 Years 20 - 29 Years 10 - 19 Years
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SEX
MALE FEMALE 8
11 29 47
7 12 10 18 50
FIG. 11: BAR CHART SHOWING AGE DISTRIBUTION
TABLE 1: LIVER DIMENSION AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT FOR TOTAL, MALE AND FEMALE
Total Male Female
Sex 300 142 158
Age x SD 34.1 12.5 35.3 13.8 32.9 11.1
Height x SD 1.7 0.1 1.7 0.1 1.6 0.1
Weight x SD 68.2 12.9 70.2 10.5 66.4 14.5
BMI x SD 24.7 4.3 24.0 3.3 25.4 5.0
MCL x SD 12.3 1.2 12.3 1.2 12.4 1.2
MAL x SD 15.2 0.9 15.1 0.9 15.3 0.9
APD x SD 13.7 1.5 13.8 1.5 13.8 1.5
DIA x SD 19.8 1.3 20.2 1.2 19.4 1.3
PSL x SD 10.2 1.1 10.0 1.1 10.4 1.1
TABLE 2: AGE GROUP DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER DIMENSION Liver
Dimension
Age Groups
(Years) n Total
x SD n Male
x SD n Female x SD
MCL 10 – 19 5 12.6 0.9 2 13.3 1.1 3 12.2 0.5
20 – 29 146 12.1 1.1 71 12.2 1.1 75 12.1 1.1 30 – 39 71 12.7 1.3 25 12.5 1.4 46 12.8 1.2 40 – 49 31 12.1 1.3 14 11.8 1.2 17 12.3 1.4 50 – 59 29 12.2 1.2 17 12.2 1.3 12 12.2 1.0 60 – 69 14 13.1 0.9 10 13.0 1.0 4 13.2 0.9 70 – 79 4 12.1 0.9 3 11.8 0.8 1 13.0 0.0
MAL 10 – 19 5 15.0 0.8 2 14.9 1.1 3 15.1 0.7
20 – 29 146 15.1 0.8 71 15.1 0.8 75 15.1 0.8 30 – 39 71 15.4 0.8 25 15.2 0.9 46 15.5 0.8 40 – 49 31 15.5 0.9 14 15.5 1.0 17 15.6 1.0 50 – 59 29 15.2 1.0 17 15.0 1.0 12 15.5 1.0 60 – 69 14 15.6 0.8 10 15.4 0.7 4 16.2 0.8 70 – 79 4 14.2 0.3 3 14.3 0.2 1 13.9 0.0
APD 10 – 19 5 12.5 1.1 2 12.7 1.8 3 12.4 0.9
20 – 29 146 13.4 1.4 71 13.2 1.4 75 13.5 1.5
30 – 39 71 14.1 1.4 25 13.8 1.5 46 14.2 1.4 40 – 49 31 13.9 1.4 14 14.0 1.2 17 13.8 1.6 50 – 59 29 14.6 1.4 17 15.3 1.0 12 13.9 1.3 60 – 69 14 14.3 1.9 10 14.9 1.3 4 13.2 3.0 70 – 79 4 14.2 0.5 3 14.5 0.3 1 13.5 0.0
DIA 10 – 19 5 18.7 1.3 2 19.8 0.8 3 17.9 1.0
20 – 29 146 19.4 1.3 71 19.9 1.2 75 19.0 1.2 30 – 39 71 20.1 1.0 25 20.3 0.9 46 20.0 1.1 40 – 49 31 20.2 0.9 14 20.6 0.9 17 19.9 0.8 50 – 59 29 20.1 1.4 17 21.0 1.2 12 19.8 1.4 60 – 69 14 20.7 1.1 10 20.7 1.1 4 20.6 1.3 70 – 79 4 20.0 1.3 3 20.2 1.5 1 19.3 0.0
PSL 10 – 19 5 10.3 1.7 2 11.5 1.9 3 9.6 1.5
20 – 29 146 10.0 1.0 71 9.8 0.9 75 10.1 1.1 30 – 39 71 10.5 1.0 25 10.1 1.0 46 10.7 0.9 40 – 49 31 10.2 1.1 14 9.8 1.1 17 10.5 1.1 50 – 59 29 10.0 1.4 17 9.8 1.6 12 10.3 1.1 60 – 69 14 10.9 1.2 10 10.5 1.2 4 11.7 0.8 70 – 79 4 10.1 0.6 3 9.9 0.6 1 10.2 0.0
TABLE 3: HEIGHT GROUP DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER DIMENSION Liver
Dimension
Height Groups
(m) n Total (cm)
x SD n Male (cm)
x SD n Female (cm) x SD
MCL 1.40 – 1.49 2 11.8 1.8 2 11.8 1.8
1.50 – 1.59 66 12.2 1.1 8 11.7 1.2 58 12.2 1.1 1.60 – 1.79 128 12.2 1.2 53 12.1 1.3 75 12.3 1.2 1.70 – 1.79 79 12.7 1.2 60 12.5 1.1 19 13.2 1.2 1.80 – 1.89 23 12.4 1.0 19 12.4 1.0 4 12.4 1.2 1.90 – 1.99 2 12.2 2.6 2 12.2 2.6
MAL 1.40 – 1.49 2 15.3 1.3 2 15.3 1.3
1.50 – 1.59 66 15.2 2.8 8 14.9 0.8 58 15.2 0.8 1.60 – 1.79 128 15.2 0.9 53 15.0 0.9 75 15.3 0.9 1.70 – 1.79 79 15.3 0.9 60 15.2 0.9 19 15.8 0.8 1.80 – 1.89 23 15.4 0.9 19 15.4 0.9 4 15.8 0.6 1.90 – 1.99 2 15.3 0.1 2 15.3 0.1
APD 1.40 – 1.49 2 14.3 1.9 2 14.3 1.9
1.50 – 1.59 66 13.7 1.5 8 13.2 1.9 58 13.8 1.4 1.60 – 1.79 128 13.7 1.5 53 13.9 1.4 75 13.5 1.5
1.70 – 1.79 79 14.0 1.4 60 13.8 1.4 19 14.5 1.4 1.80 – 1.89 23 13.8 1.9 19 13.8 1.9 4 13.9 1.1 1.90 – 1.99 2 12.4 0.5 2 12.4 0.5
DIA 1.40 – 1.49 2 19.4 3.2 2 19.4 3.2
1.50 – 1.59 66 19.5 1.3 8 20.3 1.1 58 19.3 1.3 1.60 – 1.79 128 19.6 1.3 53 19.9 1.2 75 19.4 1.2 1.70 – 1.79 79 20.3 1.1 60 20.4 1.0 19 19.8 1.2 1.80 – 1.89 23 20.1 1.3 19 20.3 1.3 4 19.4 1.3 1.90 – 1.99 2 20.3 1.6 2 20.5 1.6 19.4 1.3
PSL 1.40 – 1.49 2 10.6 1.1 2 10.6 1.1
1.50 – 1.59 66 10.0 1.1 8 9.5 0.7 58 10.0 1.1 1.60 – 1.79 128 10.1 1.1 53 9.7 1.1 75 10.5 1.0 1.70 – 1.79 79 10.4 1.1 60 10.2 1.0 19 10.9 1.1 1.80 – 1.89 23 10.3 1.0 19 8.9 1.0 4 10.6 1.1 1.90 – 1.99 2 8.9 1.0 2 10.0 1.1
TABLE 4: WEIGHT GROUP DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER DIMENSION Liver
Dimension
Weight
Groups (kg) n Total(cm)
x SD n Male(cm)
x SD n Female(cm) x SD MCL 40 – 49 15 11.7 1.1 2 11.6 0.1 13 11.7 1.2
50 – 59 53 11.9 1.1 11 11.8 1.0 42 11.9 1.1 60 – 69 116 12.3 1.2 64 12.3 1.2 52 12.4 1.1 70 - 79 59 12.4 1.1 40 12.2 1.1 19 12.9 1.0 80 – 89 39 12.6 1.3 17 12.7 1.5 22 12.6 1.2 90 – 99 10 13.2 1.2 7 12.9 1.4 3 13.7 0.6 100 – 109 6 12.9 0.9 1 12.0 00 5 13.1 1.0
110 – 119 2 13.9 2.3 2 13.9 2.3
MAL 40 – 49 15 14.7 0.7 2 15.3 0.6 13 14.6 0.6 50 – 59 53 14.9 0.7 11 14.7 0.7 42 15.0 0.8 60 – 69 116 15.1 0.8 64 14.9 0.8 52 15.3 0.8 70 - 79 59 15.3 0.8 40 15.2 0.9 19 15.6 0.6 80 – 89 39 15.5 0.9 17 12.6 0.8 22 15.5 0.9 90 – 99 10 16.2 0.8 7 16.0 0.9 3 16.7 0.2 100 – 109 6 16.1 0.4 1 15.8 00 5 16.2 0.4
110 – 119 2 17.2 0.2 2 17.2 0.2
APD 40 – 49 15 13.0 1.9 2 13.3 1.5 13 12.9 2.0 50 – 59 53 13.2 1.5 11 13.2 1.7 42 13.3 1.5 60 – 69 116 13.5 1.4 64 13.3 1.4 52 13.7 1.3 70 - 79 59 14.4 1.3 40 14.3 1.3 19 14.7 1.2 80 – 89 39 14.1 1.5 17 14.4 1.6 22 13.8 1.3 90 – 99 10 14.7 1.7 7 14.2 1.7 3 15.9 1.2 100 – 109 6 14.8 1.4 1 16.1 0.0 5 14.6 1.4
110 – 119 2 14.4 0.2 2 14.4 0.2
DIA 40 – 49 15 18.3 1.1 2 20.5 0.5 13 18.0 0.8 50 – 59 53 19.3 1.2 11 20.2 1.2 42 19.0 1.0 60 – 69 116 19.7 1.2 64 19.8 1.1 52 19.5 1.2 70 - 79 59 20.2 1.0 40 20.2 1.0 19 20.2 0.8 80 – 89 39 20.3 1.3 17 21.0 1.1 22 19.7 1.5 90 – 99 10 21.3 0.7 7 21.5 0.6 3 20.8 0.7 100 – 109 6 20.8 0.9 1 22.5 0.0 5 20.4 0.2
110 – 119 2 20.7 0.6 2 20.8 0.6
PSL 40 – 49 15 9.7 0.9 2 9.1 0.6 13 9.8 0.9
50 – 59 53 9.6 0.9 11 9.5 0.9 42 9.7 1.0 60 – 69 116 10.2 1.1 64 9.9 1.0 52 10.5 1.0
70 - 79 59 10.1 1.1 40 9.8 1.1 19 10.8 1.0 80 – 89 39 10.8 0.9 17 10.8 1.0 22 10.8 0.9 90 – 99 10 10.5 1.3 7 10.0 1.3 3 11.1 1.3 100 – 109 6 11.3 0.3 1 11.2 0.0 5 11.3 0.4
110 – 119 2 12.0 1.3 2 12.0 1.3
TABLE 5: BMI GROUP DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER DIMENSION Liver
Dimension
BMI Groups (kg/m2) n
Total (cm) x SD
n
Male (cm) x SD
n
Female (cm) x SD MCL Underweight 14 11.6 1.1 4 11.9 0.5 10 11.6 1.3
Normal 165 12.2 1.1 88 12.2 1.1 77 12.2 1.1 Overweight 83 12.4 1.2 44 12.4 1.4 39 12.5 1.1 Obese 37 12.8 1.3 6 12.5 1.4 31 12.9 1.2
Extremely obese 1 12.5 0.0 1 12.5 0.0
MAL Underweight 14 14.8 0.7 4 14.8 0.7 10 14.8 0.7 Normal 165 15.0 0.8 88 14.9 0.8 77 15.1 0.8 Overweight 83 15.4 0.8 44 15.5 0.8 39 15.4 0.7 Obese 37 15.8 0.9 6 15.6 1.0 31 15.8 0.9
Extremely obese 1 16.6 0.0 1 16.6 0.0
APD Underweight 14 12.4 1.9 4 12.1 1.7 10 12.6 2.0 Normal 165 13.5 1.4 88 13.5 1.4 77 13.5 1.4 Overweight 83 14.2 1.4 44 14.3 1.5 39 14.2 1.3 Obese 37 14.3 1.5 6 15.2 1.3 31 14.1 1.4
Extremely obese 1 16.6 0.0 1 16.6 0.0
DIA Underweight 14 18.9 1.2 4 19.6 1.2 10 18.6 1.1 Normal 165 19.6 1.2 88 20.0 1.1 77 19.1 1.2 Overweight 83 20.2 1.2 44 20.6 1.0 39 19.7 1.2 Obese 37 20.4 1.4 6 21.3 1.9 31 20.2 1.2
Extremely obese 1 20.3 0.0 1 20.3 0.0
PSL Underweight 14 9.7 0.8 4 9.7 0.7 10 9.7 0.9 Normal 165 10.0 1.1 88 9.8 1.0 77 10.1 1.1 Overweight 83 10.3 1.1 44 10.1 1.2 39 10.5 1.0 Obese 37 10.9 0.9 6 10.6 1.1 31 10.9 0.9
Extremely obese 1 11.4 0.0 1 11.4 0.0
Comparisons of the anthropological data for both sexes show significant difference in the height, weight and BMI in both sexes (P < 0.05 2 tailed).
Comparison of the liver dimensions in the sexes shows significant difference in the DIA and PSL parasternal measurements only (P < 0.01 2 tailed) and no significant difference in the MCL, MAL and APD dimensions.
Comparing the liver dimensions with age, there was strong correlation (P
< 0.01, r 339 and 263 respectively with DIA and APD; weak correlation (P < 0.05, r 121, 117 respectively) with PSL and MAL, and no correlation with MCL (P >
0.05). Only the DIA dimension show correlation with height (P < 0.01, r 245). All the liver dimensions show strong positive correlation with weight and BMI (P <
0.01) (Table 6).
For the males, age correlated strongly with the APD, and DIA dimensions (P < 0.001, r 0.459, 0.320 respectively) whereas the MCL, MAL, and PSL showed no correlation. Weight showed strong correlation with MAL, APD, DIA and PSL P < 0.001 r = 0.342, 353, 390 and 246 respectively) and no correlation with MCL BM showed strong correlation with MAL, APD and DIA (P 0.001, r = 269, 394, 330 respectively) and did not show correlation with MCL and PSL (P >
0.05 r = 0.068, 0.148 respectively.
For the females, there was (weak) correlation between age of subject and MCL (P < 0.05, r = 174) MAL (P < 0.01 r 232), DIA (P < 0.001 r 0.341) and PSL (P < 0.05 r = 0.215). There was no correlation with APD. The height of female
TABLE 6: CORRELATION MATRICES FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALES
Correlations
1 -.097 -.122* .183** .270** .101 .117* .263** .339** .121*
. .093 .034 .001 .000 .080 .044 .000 .000 .036
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
-.097 1 -.532** -.147* .154** .034 .109 -.009 -.303** .187**
.093 . .000 .011 .007 .557 .059 .882 .000 .001
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
-.122* -.532** 1 .419** -.151** .121* .083 .041 .245** .088
.034 .000 . .000 .009 .036 .150 .482 .000 .127
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.183** -.147* .419** 1 .830** .264** .387** .316** .427** .343**
.001 .011 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.270** .154** -.151** .830** 1 .218** .371** .316** .323** .325**
.000 .007 .009 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.101 .034 .121* .264** .218** 1 .423** .225** .301** .511**
.080 .557 .036 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.117* .109 .083 .387** .371** .423** 1 .299** .331** .314**
.044 .059 .150 .000 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.263** -.009 .041 .316** .316** .225** .299** 1 .340** .174**
.000 .882 .482 .000 .000 .000 .000 . .000 .002
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.339** -.303** .245** .427** .323** .301** .331** .340** 1 .306**
.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 . .000
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
.121* .187** .088 .343** .325** .511** .314** .174** .306** 1
.036 .001 .127 .000 .000 .000 .000 .002 .000 .
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N AGE
SEX
HEIGHT
WEIGHT
BMI
MCL
MAL
APD
DIA
PSL
AGE SEX HEIGHT WEIGHT BMI MCL MAL APD DIA PSL
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
*.
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
**.
subject correlated weakly with MCL (P < 0.05, r = 0.184) and PSL (P 001 r = 0.264). Weight correlated strongly with all the dimensions: MCL, MAL, APD, DIA and PSL (P < 0.001 r 0.359, 0.462, 0.302, 0.419, 0.482 respectively).
Similarly, the BMI correlated strongly with all the dimensions; MCL, MAL, APD, DIA, and PSL (P < 0.001, r = 0.311, 0.426, 0.290, 0.434, 0.411 respectively) (Table 4-6).
In the different age groups, the 60 – 69 years group produced the highest value for all measurement except APD and DIA, MCL 13.1 (0.9SD), MAL 15.6 (0.8SD), PSL 10.9 (1.2SD), while the minimum value was found in the 10 – 19 years group except in the MCL (20 – 29 years group) [12.1cm (1.1SD)] and PSL [10.0 ( 1.0SD). For MAL, 15.0 (0.8SD) APD 12.5cm (1.1SD), DIA 18.6cm (1.3SD), (Table 7). It is very interesting to note how all the dimensions stipped down at 70 – 79 years age group except the APD which came down earlier at the 60 – 69 years age group, showing that most of the dimensions except the MCL increase with age reaching a peak at 50 – 69 years and start to decline from 60 – 70 years. (Table 6-8) (Fig 12-15).
TABLE 7: CORRELATION MATRICES MALE ONLY
Correlationsa
1 -.272** .175* .365** .045 .037 .459** .320** .080
. .001 .038 .000 .595 .663 .000 .000 .344
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
-.272** 1 .430** -.186* .144 .156 -.015 .128 .187*
.001 . .000 .027 .087 .064 .855 .129 .025
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.175* .430** 1 .803** .152 .342** .353** .390** .246**
.038 .000 . .000 .070 .000 .000 .000 .003
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.365** -.186* .803** 1 .068 .269** .394** .330** .148
.000 .027 .000 . .418 .001 .000 .000 .080
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.045 .144 .152 .068 1 .294** .125 .240** .488**
.595 .087 .070 .418 . .000 .138 .004 .000
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.037 .156 .342** .269** .294** 1 .262** .257** .235**
.663 .064 .000 .001 .000 . .002 .002 .005
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.459** -.015 .353** .394** .125 .262** 1 .313** .091
.000 .855 .000 .000 .138 .002 . .000 .283
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.320** .128 .390** .330** .240** .257** .313** 1 .291**
.000 .129 .000 .000 .004 .002 .000 . .000
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
.080 .187* .246** .148 .488** .235** .091 .291** 1
.344 .025 .003 .080 .000 .005 .283 .000 .
142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
AGE
HEIGHT
WEIGHT
BMI
MCL
MAL
APD
DIA
PSL
AGE HEIGHT WEIGHT BMI MCL MAL APD DIA PSL
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 lev el (2-tailed).
**.
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 lev el (2-tailed).
*.
SEX = MALE a.
TABLE 8: CORRELATION MATRICES FEMALE ONLY
Correlationsa
1 -.129 .179* .260** .174* .232** .045 .341** .215**
. .106 .024 .001 .028 .003 .577 .000 .007
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
-.129 1 .401** -.020 .184* .180* .100 .084 .264**
.106 . .000 .799 .020 .024 .210 .295 .001
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.179* .401** 1 .904** .359** .462** .302** .419** .482**
.024 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.260** -.020 .904** 1 .311** .426** .290** .434** .411**
.001 .799 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.174* .184* .359** .311** 1 .538** .318** .400** .538**
.028 .020 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.232** .180* .462** .426** .538** 1 .338** .489** .360**
.003 .024 .000 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.045 .100 .302** .290** .318** .338** 1 .390** .262**
.577 .210 .000 .000 .000 .000 . .000 .001
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.341** .084 .419** .434** .400** .489** .390** 1 .469**
.000 .295 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 . .000
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
.215** .264** .482** .411** .538** .360** .262** .469** 1
.007 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .000 .
158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
AGE
HEIGHT
WEIGHT
BMI
MCL
MAL
APD
DIA
PSL
AGE HEIGHT WEIGHT BMI MCL MAL APD DIA PSL
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 lev el (2-tailed).
*.
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 lev el (2-tailed).
**.
SEX = FEMALE a.
80 70
60 50
40 30
20 10
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
DIA AGE Rsq = 0.1499 MAL AGE Rsq = 0.0410 MCL
AGE Rsq = 0.0134
FIG. 12: QUADRATIC REGRESSION CURVE FOR AGE VS LIVER DIMENSION
2.0 1.9
1.8 1.7
1.6 1.5
1.4 24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
DIA HEIGHT Rsq = 0.0601 MAL
HEIGHT Rsq = 0.0069 MCL
HEIGHT Rsq = 0.0146
MCL = 9.57 + 1.66 (HEIGHT) P > 0.05 MAL = 13.8 + 0.82 (HEIGHT) P < 0.05 DIA = 13.87 + 3.57 (HEIGHT) P < 0.05
FIG. 13: REGRESSION CURVE FOR HEIGHT VS LIVER DIMENSION (MCL, MAL, DIA)
120 100
80 60
40 24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
DIA WEIGHT Rsq = 0.1826 MAL
WEIGHT Rsq = 0.1495 MCL
WEIGHT Rsq = 0.0697
MCL = 10.66 + 0.024 (WEIGHT) P < 0.05 MAL = 13.47 + 0.026 (WEIGHT) P < 0.05 DIA = 16.94 + 0.042 (WEIGHT) P < 0.05
FIG 14: REGRESSION CURVE FOR WEIGHT VS LIVER DIMENSION (MCL, MAL, DIA)
50 40
30 20
10 24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
DIA BMI
Rsq = 0.1043 MAL
BMI
Rsq = 0.1376 MCL
BMI
Rsq = 0.0475
MCL = 10.83 + 0.060 (BMI) P < 0.05 MAL = 13.40 + 0.074 (BMI) P < 0.05 DIA = 17.45 + 0.095 (BMI) P < 0.05
FIG 15: REGRESSION CURVE FOR BMI VS LIVER DIMENSION (MCL, MAL, DIA)
From the regression of age with MAL and DIA in this study, a regression equation was devoid by the standard methods, for determination of liver MAL and DIA dimensions as follows (fig 12-15).
MAL = 14.95 + 0.0080 (Age) P < 0.05 DIA = 19.03 + 0.034 (Age) P < 0.05 While for weight
MCL = 10.66 + 0.024 weight (P < 0.05) MAL = 13.47 + 0.026 (weight) (P < 0.05) DIA = 16.94 + 0.042 (weight) P < 0.05) BML:
MCL = 10.83 + 0.060 (BMI) P < 0.05) MAL = 13.40 + 0.074 (BMI) P < 0.05) DIA = 17.45 + 0.095 (BMI) P < 0.05)