Research ethics

Respecting the autonomy of research subjects, avoiding harm, and protection of privacy at every stage of the research process form the core of the ethical principles in social and behavioural sciences (ALLEA, 2017). Research concerning minors should take into account the vulnerability, equal rights, and the developmental stage of the children or adolescents. Another important aspect of specific vulnerability of the study participants in this study relates to adolescents’ and their family’s migrant background. Immigrant adolescents and parents may have insufficient knowledge of Finnish, socioeconomic disadvantage, and particularly among families with refugee background there may be traumatic pre-migration- and migration- related experiences, suggesting that there are several reasons for

vulnerability in immigrant families. First-generation immigrant adolescents and second-generation youth thus potentially represent several minority positions and the power differentials present in most studies may be particularly evident when a researcher from a majority population is interviewing immigrant participants (Hernández et al., 2013), as has been the case in this study.

The interview data used in this study was collected as part of a larger research project called Etnokids (2010–2013) in the Family Federation of Finland. The ethical approval for the data collection in school was obtained from the municipal educational authorities in Helsinki, Vantaa and Espoo. The School Health Promotion survey data used in this study was collected by the Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare in 2013. A School Health Promotion survey is conducted every second year in Finnish comprehensive school and is evaluated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare working group on ethics.

Following the guidelines of the National Advisory Board on Research Ethics, the voluntary participation in the interviews was emphasized to study participants and their parents beforehand in the form of written information about the study (a short introduction of the study aims and background was available in English, Finnish, Russian, Somali, and Sorani) and orally as part of the interview. Written consents were collected from the adolescents and in the case of the minors under the age of 15 also from the guardians. Also, in the case of the survey, parents were informed of the study beforehand.

It is important for social research to be aware of the societal power relations at every stage of the research (Hernandez et al., 2013). It is the aim of this study that the research agenda, data collection, storage of data and publication of the results are carried out in respectful ways. In the research results every attempt has been made to take into account the historical, social, and cultural contexts of different migrant groups and to avoid

generalizations. However, as the research deals with cultural- and migration- related aspects, discussion of cultural differences has been part of the

research and these interpretations have been sought to be well-founded in line with the data and with previous research.

Avoiding mental harm was an important starting point in the interviews of adolescents. Ethical dilemmas often arise along with the research process. As an interviewer, I often chose not to ask further questions about the issues from which interviewees felt clearly uncomfortable. Usually this meant just following the outline of the interview questions. For example, in the

beginning of one interview with a young boy who had arrived in Finland just two years ago from a war area, he told that he had lost some close family members just before arriving. As he seemed very uneasy about telling me what had happened, I decided to just briefly discuss with him about school and his future plans, and not at all about his parental relationships (the author’s position in a research process is discussed further in section 6.2). Although discussing about difficult issues within families was welcomed in the interviews, I was trying to avoid interviews turning out as a therapeutic session because I do not have the professional skills that would have been required for that. Also, the key themes of the interviews did not concern the pre-migration experiences.

The protection of study subjects’ privacy is protected by the Constitution of Finland. Privacy protection of the study participants has been carefully considered at every phase of the research. Only a minimum amount of personal information was gathered in the interview data collection and the contact details of the participants have been destroyed after they were no longer needed (adolescents who participated in interviews received the contact details of the interviewer). The recorded and transcribed interviews have been carefully stored and analysed only in safe environments.

Publishing of results utilizing interview data has been done so that the anonymity of the participants is ensured. Survey data has been collected, stored, analysed and reported in a manner that prevents the identification of individual respondents. The information is stored at the National Institute for Health and Welfare.

Finally, evaluating the benefits of the study is an important part of the research ethics. The aim of this study is to inform schools, youth centres and other recreation places, social services, and other institutions working with adolescents – immigrant adolescents in particular – about their potential struggles in intergenerational relations, balancing efforts of different

expectations and identities, and the ways of solving and negotiating conflicts with their parents. In addition, this study aims to reach school personnel and other actors dealing with immigrant adolescents in order to increase the awareness of school personnel of the vulnerable position of immigrant parents and the importance of putting time and effort into building a

dialogue between schools, hobby groups, and immigrant homes. The benefits of the study relate to these societal instances and their practices and policies. The benefits can be also seen in the possibilities of increasing a self-