Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure I. Paradigm of the study showing the relationships of the profile of the Grade II English teachers, extent of implementation of Phil-IRI in English and the factors affecting Reading of Grade II pupils to their performance in English.
Research Hypothesis
The study will answer the following hypothesis:
1. Profile of the Grade Two
1. The following independent variables significantly relate to the performance of Grade II pupils in English.
1.1 profile of Grade two teachers,
1.2 extent of implementation of Phil-IRI in English, and
1.3 Factors affecting reading skills of Grade II pupils.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally defined for clearer understanding of the readers.
Comprehension – this refers to a type of understanding such that the individual knows what is being communicated without necessarily relating it to other material or seeing its fullest application. It refers to the ability to read between the lines, to read beyond the lines.
Comprehension Skills – this refers to the ability to understand or interpret the material read or speech language based on previous experiences recalled and related to the present situation.
Extent of Implementation of PHIL-IRI – this pertains to the school wide implementation of the program to help solve reading difficulties and enhance reading skills of the pupils.
Home Factor – this pertains to the provisions for the study needs of the school children at home, such as study rooms, proper lightning and ventilation.
Insertion – this refers to inserting a word or a series of words that does not appear in the text.
Learning – this refers to the process of gaining knowledge, information, and skills through experience and study.
Learning Disability – the term refers to significant discrepancies along learner’s sensory motor, perceptual, cognitive academic and other related developmental which interfere with the performance of academic tasks.
Mispronunciation – this refers to attempting to pronounce the word but produces a nonsense word, rather than a real one.
Non-reader – the terms refers to a pupil who has not mastered the ability to read any reading material suited to his age level or even below his age level.
Omission – this refers to omitting a word or a continuous sequence of words in the text but continues to read.
Parent Factor – this refers to the sufficient educational support from parents.
Performance in English – this refers to the achievement of the Grade Two pupils based on the Phil-IRI results.
Phil-IRI – is an assessment tool that evaluates the reading proficiency level of elementary school pupils. It is the acronym for Philippine Informal reading Inventory.
Pupil Factor – this refers to the proper motivation to read the printed page, the pre-reading preparation and the ability to cope and understand the lessons presented in Reading.
Reading – this refers to the purposeful activity which involved the comprehension and interpretation of ideas symbolized by written or printed
language. It is the ability of the pupils’ to see, think, interpret and pronounce printed matters or written symbols in one setting. It is a developmental task which a child must perform in order to satisfy his own needs, so that he may satisfy the demands made upon him by the society and so that he is better prepared to handle subsequently development task.
Reading Deficiency – the term refers to a mild severe retardation in learning to read which is desperate with the individual’s general intelligence and with their cultural, linguistic and educational experience.
Reading Difficulties – this refers to the handicap that interferes with reading, lack of ability to read with average or normal achievement for one’s age and grade level. These are children who seem normal but they are not making the growth in reading in his maturity limits due to the handicap that interferes with his comprehension.
Reading Skills – this refers to the skills that are readers possess in order to attain a level of functional literacy, the level at which he can independently handle reading materials. They also refer to the reading skills, literal comprehension and interpretative skills.
Refusal to Pronounce –the term refers to neither pronouncing the word nor attempting to do so.
Remedial Reading – the terms refers to the instruction given to the learners who operate reading levels below their capabilities, the purpose of which is to overcome difficulties discovered in any aspect of the reading process.
Repetition –this refers to repeating one or more words that have been read.
Groups of adjacent words that are repeated count as one repetition.
Retarded Reader - the terms refers to one whose reading achievement is less than that of what is expected of his peer group.
Reluctant Reader – the term refers to the pupil who can read but will not the root cause of which is the mental attitude of the individual.
Retained Non-readers – the term refers to the Grade One pupils who were retained in Grade One as a result of reading disability.
Reversal- the term refers to the reversing of the order of words or letters.
Substitution – the term refers to substituting a real word that is incorrect.
Teacher Factor – this refers to the capability of the teacher to handle Reading with pupils with varied potentials and reading difficulties.
Underachiever in Reading – the term is restricted to those whose reading performance is not below age and grade standards but who are judged to be functioning significantly below their own potential level in reading.
CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the research design, population of the study, sampling procedure, research instrument, validation, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The descriptive type of research was used by the researcher to find out and determine the extent of implementation of the Phil-IRI Program and performance in English of Grade Two pupils including the factors affecting their reading skills.
The researcher believed that this type of research will best describe the results of the investigation since according to Best and Khan (2003), the descriptive type of research describes and interprets what is. It is concerned with conditions or relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs, point of views, or attitudes that are help, processes that are going on, effects that are felt, and the trends that are developing.
Population of the Study
The population of the study involved all the Grade Two teachers in Sto.
Cristo Elementary School and the Grade Two pupils under their tutelage during the school year 2011-2012 which is the inclusive period of the study.
Sampling Procedure
Total enumeration or universal sampling was used in this study. This means that all Grade Two teachers and Grade Two pupils were involved and included in the study.
Table 1 presents the respondents of the study.
Table 1
Respondents of the Study
Sto. Cristo Elementary School
Teacher Grade Two Pupils
Total
Percent
Section A 1 51
Section B 1 53
Section C 1 50
Total 3 154
Research Instrument
The questionnaire was used as the main instrument for gathering the needed data for the study. This was answered by the Grade Two teachers. It shall comprised of three parts.
Part 1 comprised of the profile of the Grade Two teacher respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, highest educational attainment, present position, years in service and number of seminars attended in Reading.
Part 2 comprised of the Phil-IRI pre- and post tests which determined the extent of implementation of the Phil-IRI in English among Grade Two pupils.
Part 3 included the other factors affecting the reading disabilities of Grade Two pupils in terms of: parent factor, home factor, pupil factor, and teacher factor.
Informal interviews with Grade Two pupils who were subjected to Phil-IRI was also conducted by the researcher to supplement the data gathered from the questionnaires.
Validation of the Instrument
The instrument was no longer validated since the Phil –IRI is a standardized instrument. It was however submitted to her adviser and panel of examiners for approval.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher first sought permission from the district supervisor of Pulilan District to allow her to distribute questionnaires, conduct informal interviews and gather the needed data for the study.
Upon approval, she personally administered the questionnaires to her target respondents, the Grade Two teachers, for her to be able to explain the mechanics of answering and the actual purpose of the study.
On the part of the Grade Two pupils she endeavoured to conduct the Phil-IRI test to the three sections of Grade Two pupils in Sto. Cristo Elementary School comprising of oral reading, silent reading, speed and comprehension.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data gathered through the questionnaires and Phil-IRI tests were treated statistically using the following statistical tools:
1. For problem number 1, percentage was used.
Percentage
where: P = percentage
f = frequency of responses
N = total number of respondents
2. For problems number 2 and 3. Weighted Mean and Standard Deviations were used.
Weighted Mean
where: M = mean
f = frequency of respondents
x = category weight
N = total number of respondents
∑ = summation sign
Standard Deviation
where: SD = standard deviation
X = expected
N = number of respondents
∑ = summation sign
3.For problems 4 and 5 Correlation Analysis were used.
CHAPTER 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
(To be presented later)
CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation
(To be presented later)
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Technological University of the Philippines GRADUATE SCHOOL
College of Industrial Education Manila
March 22, 2012
MR. BARTOLOME C. DE JESUS District Supervisor
Pulilan District Pulilan, Bulacan
Sir:
Greetings!
The undersigned is currently conducting a study entitled “Extent of Implementation of Phil –IRI Program and Performance in English of Grade Two Pupils in Sto.Cristo Elementary School, Dep Ed, Bulacan” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Industrial Education, major in Administration and Supervision at Technological University of the Philippines, Manila.
In this connection, she is requesting that she be allowed to distribute questionnaires and conduct informal interviews among Grade Two teachers and pupils in Sto. Cristo Elementary School.
In anticipation of your favorable response, the researcher gratitude.
Very respectfully yours,