RESPONSE TO INCIDENT

Assessment of the Threat or Problem Security Criteria:

9 Establish a clear chain of command and communication 9 Activate emergency evacuation plan as appropriate

9 Identify claims of "responsibility" with negotiations as needed

Case Studies: Paris

• Extensive prior planning

• Previous terrorist activities provided prompt recognition of the nature of the problem and what was needed to respond effectively

• Threat perception at the time of the attack was high

• Intelligence activity and coverage was intense

• As a rule, intelligence analysis and warning from government agencies to commerce and industry in France is good

NYC

(Not a specific incident-related comparison)

• World Trade Center bombing

• In 1993 the NYC Police and the FBI arrested Islamic extremists plotting to blow up the Lincoln Tunnel and the United Nations Headquarters

• Ferguson shooting in 1993

• Petrol bombing by Edward Leary in 1994

• Suicide bombers plot to blow themselves up on the NYC transit system

• Chemical attacks on the Tokyo subway increase perception of threat (These incidents have all elevated threat perception. Like Paris, NYC remains in a constant state of "high alert".)

Atlanta

• Assessment of the Olympics as a "high risk" event

• With estimated number of 12 million spectators, a four to fivefold increase in passenger numbers was expected

• MARTA was the backbone of spectator transport system

• Centennial Park bombing, although not affecting MARTA itself, resulted in increased security awareness following the incident

• Despite threat expectation, no specific intelligence provided any warning of any planned attacks against the MARTA system

Amtrak

Response to Incident

Security Organization and Personnel Security Criteria:

9 Transit Police and undercover operatives 9 Station agents

9 Local, state, and federal law enforcement officials, and negotiators

9 Aerial and internal surveillance

Case Studies: Paris

• Patrols by 700 RATP security force on RER and Metro trains and stations

• Augmented by 400 National Police

• French troops mobilized and deployed in Paris when bombings continued

NYC

(Not a specific incident-related comparison)

• NYC Transit Bureau

• NYPD uniform and undercover patrols

• Law Enforcement Focus Group

• Hazardous Materials Focus Group

• Communications Focus Group

• Medical Focus Group

Atlanta

• Following the Centennial Park bombing, MARTA and S.O.L.E.C. Police were placed on full alert

• Additional police presence was provided by keeping existing shift officers on duty at stations, augmented by new shift officers

• All stations were immediately searched for suspicious devices

• On two subsequent occasions stations were closed while suspect objects were investigated

Amtrak

• Eight railroad police officers were available in the state of Arizona

• Maricopa County Sheriff’s Department was the first law enforcement authority on the scene

• Over 50 deputies and local law enforcement officers responded

• FBI agents were on the scene within eight hours and a nine-mile perimeter was established

Response to Incident

Emergency Response Security Criteria:

9 Alert public safety officials

9 Organize emergency medical assistance

9 Ensure attention and assistance to the disabled, elderly, and young

9 Arrange for transportation alternatives (e.g., "bus-bridge", rerouting, and/or rescheduling of service)

Case Studies: Paris

• Initiated three emergency plans

• Initiated Crisis Communications Plan

• Implemented "Vigipirate"

NYC

(Not specific incident related comparison)

• NYC Transit Emergency Response Plan

• Mayor's Office of Emergency Management (OEM)

Atlanta

• No additional measures beyond the full alert were in place for a number of hours after the Centennial Park bombing

Amtrak

• First rescue helicopter arrived within 45 minutes after the derailment

• Helicopters from Maricopa County, the Arizona Dept of Public Safety, the National Guard and the USAF Air Evac transported the injured to hospital

Response to Incident

Media and Multilingual Services Security Criteria:

9 Install a public address system: issue emergency instructions to passengers and public as needed

9 Arrange multi-lingual staff assistance

9 Identify agency spokesperson; may need to relinquish "local control"

Case Studies: Paris

• RER public relations department managed media inquires and provided information to passengers and employees and their relatives

NYC

(Not a specific incident-related comparison)

• OEM has the primary responsibility for communication with the public

• Information pertaining to service operations and train or bus schedules is the responsibility of the operating agency

• NYC Transit Public Address System broadcasts train and service announcements as well as general safety advice

Atlanta

• MARTA maintained a consistent effort to keep public informed of changes to entry and exit points at stations

Amtrak

• Media officers were dispatched to the scene immediately

• All public policy statements were issued through Amtrak Washington, D.C.

Response to Incident

Clean-up activities Security Criteria:

9 Establish a clear chain of command and communication 9 Use the Transit Police

9 Coordinate with local law enforcement officials 9 Collect and preserve evidence if necessary 9 Arrange for counseling and or support activities

Case Studies: Paris

• Initial efforts focused on:

a) immediate treatment and rescue of victims: dead and injured removed and treated within first three hours

b) police investigation completed within six hours

c) operational recovery: damage surveys were initiated within 20 minutes of the blast; Rolling Stock Lifting Team deployed immediately; minor repairs completed overnight

NYC

(Not specific incident related comparison)

• Implementation of the incident command system

• CAD fire and safety system

• Operations Control Center

• Emergency mobile command system with CAD system

Atlanta

• Not applicable

Amtrak

• Derailment was classified as a crime scene during the early stages of the investigation

• Site was sealed and a nine-mile perimeter was enforced

• Southern Pacific Railway Police enforced perimeter security and access control

• By 9.30 a.m. the FBI evidence gathering teams were operational and everyone within the perimeter was interviewed by FBI investigators

• Passengers were taken on buses with a police escort to Phoenix and housed in the local Holiday Inn where they were interviewed by the FBI

• Aerial photographs were taken before the four damaged cars were removed