The TMEn values for the Glutenol™ and dehulled soybean meal are presented in Table 2.2. The TMEn of Glutenol™ was determined to be 3256 kcal/kg of DM which is significantly greater than the determined TMEn value of the dehulled soybean meal. The TMEn value of 3256 kcal/kg of DM is only slightly less than the value of 3330 kcal/kg of DM listed in the NRC (1994) for DDGS containing 9% ether extract and the value reported by Batal and Dale (2006) of 3279 kcal/kg DM, also for DDGS containing a mean of 9% fat. When comparing the TMEn value of Glutenol™ with high-protein DDGS products evaluated in earlier studies, the ME of the Glutenol™ is generally higher than that of DDGS products containing increased protein levels. For example, Kim et al. (2008) reported that the TMEn of a high-protein DDGS containing 44% CP (DM basis) was 2957 kcal/kg. In addition, the mean TMEn of 8 samples of high-protein DDGS (mean=48% CP) was 3130 kcal/kg DM (Jung and Batal, 2009). Rochell et al. (2011) reported that the AMEn of a high protein DDGS containing 46.6% CP (DM basis) was 2879 kcal/kg DM when determined in broiler chickens. Also, in the latter study, the AMEn of a higher-
37
protein DDGs containing 62.2% CP (DM basis) was 3179 kcal/kg DM. Likewise, Kim et al. (2010) reported a high TMEn value of 3656 kcal/kg DM for an enzymatic-milled DDG containing 61% CP on a DM basis. The latter ingredient contained a very low level of NDF (6.8%) due to both germ and pericarp fiber being removed. The level of NDF in DDGS samples is usually approximately 35-37% on a DM basis (Kim et al., 2010). Thus, the ME of DDGS can be increased greatly by processing it to increase its CP and decreasing its fiber content.
The CP of Glutenol™, was determined to be 52.3% on a DM basis (Table 2.3) and is substantially increased from the CP value of 27% for conventional DDGS (NRC, 1994) and not different than the CP of dehulled soybean meal which had a value of 54.3%. The CP of
conventional DDGS has been reported to range from 27%-34% (Batal and Dale, 2006; Belyea et al. 2004; Belyea et al. 2010) for DDGS containing 9% ether extract. As expected, due to the increased CP level, the total amino acid concentrations in Glutenol™ were increased and were similar to or in some instances, increased from those in soybean meal (Table 2.3). The total amino acid concentrations in Glutenol™ were also increased compared with those reported by the NRC (1994) for conventional DDGS. For example, the total Lys concentration for
Glutenol™ was 1.32% compared with conventional DDGS at 0.75% (NRC, 1994). Total amino acid concentrations in Glutenol™ for Met, Thr, Val, Arg, and Ile were 0.88%, 1.69%, 2.23%, 1.65%, and 1.88%, respectively (Table 2.3). For amino acid standardized digestibility values, in many cases, Glutenol™ had amino acid standardized digestibility values that were not different from that of soybean meal. Because feed formulators would like to decrease diet cost if possible, replacing some of the more expensive soybean meal in the diet with Glutenol™ could possibly be beneficial and would not decrease dietary levels of most digestible amino acids. The amino acid standardized digestibility values for Glutenol™ are generally not different from those
38
reported in other studies for high-protein DDGS ingredients. Using cecectomized roosters, Godoy et al. (2009) reported most amino acid standardized digestibility values for a corn protein product containing 49.7% CP on a DM basis were not different than those determined herein for Glutenol™. One exception was that the standardized digestibility of Lys in the corn protein product was only 55.5% compared with a higher value of 74.1% in the current study. In two other previous studies, amino acid standardized digestibility values determined in cecectomized roosters for a high-protein DDGS product containing 44% CP (Kim et al. 2008) and 8 samples of a high-protein DDG (mean of 48% CP; Jung and Batal, 2009) were not different from the values obtained in the current study for Glutenol™. The cecectomized rooster amino acid standardized digestibility values for a very high-protein (61% CP) enzymatic-milled DDG (Kim et al, 2010) were generally slightly increased compared with the values for Glutenol™. The low fiber content of the enzymatic-milled DDG may have contributed to the higher amino acid standardized digestibility values. Listed in Table 2.3 are the digestible amino acid concentrations for Glutenol™ and dehulled soybean meal. Although the digestible Lys content is much higher in Glutenol™ when compared with conventional DDGS, the digestible Lys content of Glutenol™ is still lower than in the soybean meal (2.68%). In contrast, the digestible amino acid
concentrations for Met, Cys, Pro, Ala, and Leu are higher in Glutenol™ compared with soybean meal. The higher digestible content of Met and Cys is particularly important for poultry nutrition because these amino acids are the first limiting in most poultry diets. Glutenol™ was determined to contain 0.80% digestible Met vs 0.69% in soybean meal and digestible Cys was 0.66% for Glutenol™ and 0.57% for soybean meal.
39
Experiment 2, Broiler Chick Assay
As mentioned earlier, the chick diets were formulated to be equal in TMEn and digestible amino acids based on the precision fed rooster assay results for Glutenol™ and soybean meal. In Diets 1 and 2, the CP level was 22% and in Diets 3 and 4, the CP level was 22.9% and 23.8%, respectively (Table 1.1). The protein level increased for Diets 3 and 4 to meet the digestible Arg requirement, which was 1.26%. When Glutenol™ was added at 8% and 12%, the digestible Arg requirement could not be met unless the dietary protein level was increased. Alternatively, L-Arg could have been added to the diets to maintain a consistent 22% CP level in all diets, but L-Arg is not currently supplemented in commercial broiler diets because it is too expensive. Therefore, in attempt to simulate commercial diet formulation, L-Arg was not added to the diets containing Glutenol™ in the current study. Body weight gain, feed intake and gain/feed ratio were not statistically different among any of the 4 treatments (Table 2.4). These results indicate that Glutenol™ can be included in broiler chicken diets from 3-22 days of age at levels of at least 12% with no significant effects on growth performance if the diets are formulated to be equal in TMEn and digestible amino acids. The results of the current study indicate that the new ethanol co-product, Glutenol™, has substantial nutritional value for poultry. Furthermore, based on current results for CP, digestible amino acids, and TMEn, Glutenol™ has greatly increased nutritional value compared with conventional DDGS.
40
LITERATURE CITED
AOAC International. 2007. Official methods of analysis. 18th ed. Rev. 2. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD.
Batal, A. B., and N. M. Dale. 2006. True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 15:89-93. Belyea, R. L., K. D. Rausch, and M. E., Tumbleson. 2004. Composition of corn and distillers
dried grains with solubles from dry grind ethanol processing. Bioresource Technology. 94:293-298.
Belyea, R. L., K. D. Rausch, T. E. Clevenger, V. Singh, D. B. Johnston, and M. E. Tumbleson. 2010. Sources of variation in composition of DDGS. Animal Feed Science and
Technology. 159:122-130.
de Godoy, M. R. C., L. L. Bauer, C. M. Parsons, and G. C. Fahey Jr. 2009. Select corn coproducts from the ethanol industry and their potential as ingredients in pet foods. Journal of Animal Science. 87:189-199.
Dozier, W. A., K. R. Perryman, and J. B. Hess. 2015. Apparent Ileal amino acid digestibility of reduced-oil distillers dried grains with solubles fed to broilers from 23 to 31 days of age. Poultry Science. 94:379-383.
Jacela, J. Y., J. M. DeRouchey, S. S. Dritz, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen, R. C. Thaler, L. Brandts, D. E. Little, and K. J. Prusa. 2011. Amino acid digestibility and energy content of deoiled (solvent-extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles for swine and effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science. 89:1817-1829.
41
Jung, B., and A. Batal. 2009. The nutrient digestibility of high-protein corn distillers dried grains and the effect of feeding various levels on the performance of laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 18:741-751.
Kim, E. J., C. Martinez-Amezcua, P. L. Utterback, and C. M. Parsons. 2008. Phosphorus bioavailability, true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of high protein corn distillers dried grains and dehydrated corn germ. Poultry Science. 87:700-705. Kim, E. J., C. M. Parsons, R. Srinivasan, and V. Singh. 2010. Nutritional composition, nitrogen-
corrected true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of new corn distillers dried grains with solubles produced by new fractionation processes. Poultry Science. 89:44-51.
Lumpkins, B. S., A. B. Batal, and N. M. Dale. 2004. Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poultry Science. 83:1891-1896.
National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Revised Edition. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Parsons, C. M., C. Martinez, V. Singh, S. Radhakrishman, and S. Noll. 2006. Nutritional value of conventional and modified DDGS for poultry. Proceeding of Multi-State Poultry
Nutrition and Feeding Conference, Indianapolis, IN.
Renewable Fuels Association. 2014. Fueling a Nation, Feeding the World. The Role of the U.S. Ethanol Industry in Food and Feed production. Available: http://ethanolrfa.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/09/9864ff506e6519057b_t5m6brouu.pdf. Accessed: September 29, 2016.
Renewable Fuels Association. 2016. Leading the U.S. Ethanol Industry:
42
Rochell, S. J., B. J. Kerr, and W. A. Dozier III. 2011. Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15-24 days of age, and sue of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poultry Science. 90:1999-2007. SAS Institute. 2010. SAS® User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.2 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc.,
Cary, NC.
Saunders J. A., and K. A. Rosentrater. 2009. Properties of solvent extracted low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Biomass and Bioenergy. 33:1486-1490.
Spiehs, M. J., M. H. Whitney, and G. C. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science 80:2639-2645.
43
TABLES
Table 2.1 Diet composition for the broiler chick assay (%)
Dietary treatment Ingredient Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Corn 57.27 57.15 54.25 51.26
Glutenol™ 0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00
Dehulled soybean seal 35.77 31.97 30.65 29.42
Soybean oil 2.59 2.44 2.72 3.02 Limestone 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 Dicalcium phosphate 1.75 1.71 1.66 1.62 Salt 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 Vitamin mix 1 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Mineral mix 2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 DL-Met 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.22 L-Lys HCl 0.17 0.26 0.27 0.27 L-Thr 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.07 Choline chloride (60%) 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Bacitracin-MD premix 3 0.04 0.04 0.40 0.04 Calculated analysis Crude protein 22.00 22.00 22.88 23.80 Ca 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 Non-phytate P 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 Na 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Digestible Met + Cys 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
Digestible Met 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.57
Digestible Lys 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Digestible Thr 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
44
Table 2.1 Cont.
Digestible Arg 1.33 1.26 1.26 1.26
1Provided per kilogram of diet: retinyl acetate, 4,400 IU; cholecalciferol, 25 µg; DL-α-
tocopheryl acetate, 11 IU; vitamin B12, 0.01 mg; riboflavin, 4.41 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 10 mg; niacin, 22 mg; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2.33 mg.
2Provided as milligrams per kilogram of diet: manganese, 75 from MnSO4·H2O; iron, 75 from FeSO4· H2O; zinc, 75 mg from ZnO; copper, 5 mg from CuO4·5H2O; iodine, 75 from ethylene diamine dihydroiodide; selenium, 0.1 from Na2SeO3.
3Contributed 13.75 mg/kg of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (5.5%).
45
Table 2.2 True metabolizable energy values for Glutenol™ and dehulled soybean meal
Sample Gross Energy (kcal/kg DM)
Dry Matter (%) TMEn (kcal/kg DM)1 Pooled SEM Glutenol™ 5523 84.0 3256a 0.039 Dehulled soybean meal 4769 89.1 2796b
a-b The TMEn of Glutenol™ was significantly different from soybean meal (P< 0.05). 1 Values are means of 8 individually-caged conventional roosters.
46
Table 2.3 Total amino acids, amino acid standardized digestibility values, and digestible amino acid concentrations for Glutenol™ and dehulled soybean meal (DM basis) (%)
Glutenol™ Dehulled soybean meal Met 0.88 90.4a 0.79 0.76 91.2a 0.69 0.65 Cys 0.82 80.1a 0.66 0.73 77.8a 0.57 1.69 Lys 1.32 74.1b 0.98 3.43 87.5a 3.00 0.99 Thr 1.69 81.1b 1.37 2.10 85.9a 1.80 0.89 Val 2.23 84.9b 1.89 2.66 88.4a 2.35 0.78 Arg 1.65 89.2a 1.47 3.87 91.6a 3.54 0.80 Ile 1.88 86.7b 1.63 2.50 90.8a 2.27 0.70 Asp 2.88 79.7b 2.29 6.16 88.7a 5.46 0.73 Ser 2.01 85.3b 1.71 2.45 88.9a 2.18 0.81 Glu 7.37 88.9b 6.55 9.62 92.7a 8.85 0.53 Pro 3.79 90.3a 3.42 2.62 90.7a 2.38 0.65 Ala 3.61 88.8a 3.20 2.32 86.8a 2.01 0.85 Leu 5.85 91.5a 5.19 4.18 90.2a 3.77 0.56 Tyr 1.93 90.5a 1.75 1.99 90.6a 1.80 0.51 Phe 2.38 89.9a 2.14 2.78 91.3a 2.54 0.54 His 1.25 84.9a 1.12 1.45 87.2a 1.26 0.57 Trp 0.32 91.6b 0.29 0.83 96.1a 0.80 0.60
a-b Standardized digestibility values within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05).
1 The CP of the Glutenol™ and dehulled soybean meal were 52.3% and 54.3%, respectively, on a DM basis.
2 Digestible concentration= total × standardized digestibility values. 3 Pooled SEM for standardized digestibility values.
Amino Acid1 Total Digest. value Digest. conc.2 Total Digest. value Digest. conc.2 Pooled SEM 3
47
Table 2.4 Growth performance of broiler chicks fed increasing levels of Glutenol™ (G) from 3 to 22 d of age 1
Treatment Feed intake, g Body weight gain, g Gain:feed, g/kg 1. Control (No G) 1146 824 720 2. As 1 + 4% G 1106 807 732 3. As 1 + 8% G 1121 826 737 4. As 1 + 12% G 1099 822 749 Pooled SEM 20.7 14.4 13.6 P-Value (P<0.05) 0.41 0.78 0.50 1Values are means of 10 pens containing 5 chicks per pen.
48
CHAPTER 3
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF THREE TYPES OF NOVEL ETHANOL CO-