Chapter 5: The Role and Contribution of Leadership
5.2. The Role and Contribution of Leaders in Organisations
5.2.1 The role and contribution of leaders in improving effectiveness in
Regarding BNP discriminating between systolic and diastolic HF, this study observed that BNP value in those patients with systolic HF (1851.4±1209pg/ml) were significantly higher than those with HF with preserved systolic function (1406.2±1160.3pg/ml), this is similar to the result of other studies46, 113 interestingly those with systolic HF had the worst Echo classifications of LV dysfunction. Even though, BNP levels cannot differentiate between systolic and diastolic dysfunction, elevated BNP levels likely represent true diastolic dysfunction when systolic function is normal by Echo. Thus an elevated BNP could be a good screening tool to evaluate those that will need further cardiovascular investigations like Echo. In patients with normal systolic function, elevated BNP levels might help to reinforce the diagnosis of diastolic HF. In a resource poor setting, normal BNP in the presence of HF symptoms should call for further thorough search for non-cardiac causes of the symptoms rather than aggressive referral for Echo.
87
CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSIONS It was concluded from this study that;
1. There is an elevated plasma BNP level in patients with HF
2. The BNP level increases as the LV size increases in patients with HF.
3. Plasma BNP level increases progressively with increasing NYHA functional class.
4. Plasma BNP level increases with progressive decline in LV systolic function.
5. Plasma BNP showed high sensitivity and specificity in detecting HF in the Black patients studied.
6. Plasma BNP elevation was higher among patients with systolic HF than those with HF with preserved systolic function.
7. Plasma BNP levels were higher in healthy females than males.
88 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Routine immunoassay for BNP should be made available in healthcare centres and at point of care in our various medical emergency rooms.
2. The assay for the BNP should be included in our initial evaluation of patients presenting with clinical features of HF.
3. BNP may be used in triaging patients with dyspnoea at medical emergencies and PHC.
4. In a centre where there is no Echo machine or required expertise, plasma BNP assay could be used for initial assessment, monitoring and perhaps prognostication of HF.
5. Different cut- off values should be adopted for male and female subjects in view of the observation from this study.
6. Even though HF is still mostly a clinical diagnosis, bedside evaluation of BNP could be handy to resolve occasional doubts and patients who have elevated BNP levels may be considered for further cardiovascular evaluation and stratification for LV dysfunction.
7. A large scale multi-centre study is recommended in our environment evaluating the usefulness of plasma BNP for early diagnosis of HF.
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