Description
Rotavirus is the most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in children around the world. Before the rotavirus vaccine was introduced in Australia in 2007, around 10 000 children were hospitalised each year with the disease. Symptoms include vomiting, fever and watery diarrhoea. the onset is usually sudden, and the illness mainly affects infants and young children up to 3 years of age.
it is possible to be infected with rotavirus several times. the first infection is usually the most severe, and repeated infections build up the person’s natural immunity. For example, after the first infection, about 4 out of 10 children never become ill with rotavirus again. the rest are likely to experience less severe symptoms in later infections.
How does it spread?
Rotavirus infections spread when:
• infected people do not wash their hands effectively after going to the toilet; contaminated hands can contaminate food (which may be eaten by other people), or touch surfaces that may be touched by other people.
• people’s hands become contaminated when changing the nappy of an infected infant and they do not wash them effectively.
Incubation period
the incubation period is usually about 48 hours, but may range from 24 hours to 72 hours.
Infectious period
the virus may be excreted in the faeces for 1–2 days before the illness, and for up to 8 days after the illness.
Exclusion period
People with rotavirus should be excluded until diarrhoea has stopped for at least 24 hours.
Responsibilities of educators and other staff
• People with rotavirus should stay home until they are feeling well and have not had any symptoms for at least 24 hours.
• Make sure staff and children always practise effective hand hygiene.
• educators and other staff who handle food must not return to work until they have been symptom free for 48 hours.
• ensure that appropriate cleaning practices are being followed in the education and care service. • Contact your local public health unit if two or more people have rotavirus. Public health staff may be
able to identify how the germ has spread through the education and care service, and help prevent further infection.
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national health and Medical Research Council
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Responsibilities of parents
• Make sure children are vaccinated against rotavirus.
• Keep the child at home until they are feeling well and have not had any symptoms for at least 24 hours. • encourage effective hand hygiene at home.
Controlling the spread of infection
• Children are immunised against rotavirus under the national immunisation Program.
• exclude people with infectious diarrhoea until the diarrhoea has stopped for at least 24 hours. • ensure that staff and children always practise appropriate hand hygiene.
• ensure that appropriate cleaning practices are being followed.
Treatment
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Rubella (German measles)
Description
Rubella is usually a mild viral illness. Symptoms begin like a cold, with a slight fever, sore throat and enlarged lymph glands in the neck. the characteristic rash appears 2–3 days later, beginning on the face and spreading to the trunk. the spots are pale pink at first and merge to form patches. the rash disappears after a few days.
Rubella can cause serious harm to unborn babies if pregnant women become infected. infants born to mothers who had rubella during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy may have severe birth defects; the risk is highest in early pregnancy.
Rubella is now rare in Australia due to immunisation.
How does it spread?
Rubella spreads through airborne droplets, or direct contact with the nose or throat secretions of infected people.
Incubation period
the incubation period can be 14–21 days, but is usually 16–18 days.
Infectious period
the infectious period begins up to 7 days before the rash appears, and lasts until at least 4 days after the rash appears.
Exclusion period
People with rubella should be excluded for at least 4 days after the appearance of the rash and until the person feels well.
Responsibilities of educators and other staff
• Refer anyone with suspected rubella to a doctor.
• All staff members should be aware of their immune status; if they are not immune, they should be immunised.
• if pregnant staff members are concerned, refer them to their doctor. immunisation during pregnancy is not recommended.
• Advise the parent to keep the child home for at least 4 days after the appearance of the rash and until they are feeling well.
• Make sure staff and children practise cough and sneeze etiquette and hand hygiene.
• ensure that appropriate cleaning practices are being followed in the education and care service.
Responsibilities of parents
• Make sure children are vaccinated against rubella.
• Keep the child at home for at least 4 days after the appearance of the rash and until they are feeling well. • Advise any pregnant friends or family who may have been exposed to consult their doctor.
FACt SheetS national health and Medical Research Council FACt SheetS
national health and Medical Research Council
150
Controlling the spread of infection
• Children should be immunised twice against rubella: at 12 months of age and again at 4 years of age. the rubella vaccine is part of the MMR (measles–mumps–rubella) immunisation.
• Anyone who works with children should be immunised, or should be certain that they have had a blood test that demonstrates that they are immune to rubella.
• observe the exclusion period.
• teach children about cough and sneeze etiquette.
– Cough or sneeze into your inner elbow rather than your hand.
– if you used a tissue to cover your nose or mouth when sneezing or coughing, put the tissue in the bin straight away.
– Clean your hands.
• ensure that staff practise cough and sneeze etiquette and hand hygiene. • ensure that appropriate cleaning practices are being followed.
Treatment
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