L EADER M EMBER E XCHANGE (LMX) T HEORY
2. Task and Command Group—Task group consist of those members who are from either same or different department come and contact with each
10.8 G ROUP C OHESIVENESS
Cohesiveness in a group is achieved when the group appears to be very attractive to its group members. In such type of cohesiveness, individuals value their group membership and have a very strong enthusiasm and motivation to remain members of the group.
Cohesiveness is defined as a degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
According to Business Diectonary.com group cohesiveness is the extent to which the members of the group find staying together to be in mutual interest.
It is the extent to which group members are loyal and committed to the group and to group members also. In a highly cohesive group the members effectively achieve their goal with the support and trust of the other member. A group that lack cohesiveness will not support to one another and also find difficulties in the attainment of objectives.
There are many factors which influencing the group cohesiveness like,
•
When group size is large than interaction become difficult among members which lower the degree of cohesiveness.•
The greater the dependencies on each other will resultant into higher degree of cohesiveness.•
Intra-group competition. Group cohesiveness is low if members are competing amongst themselves.•
Inter-group competition. When two groups compete, members of each group get united and the group gets solidified.•
Member turnover. If member frequently leave the group and new member join the group. Because new member are not aware so much as older member about the group hence, the group become less cohesive.•
The more homogeneous the group, i.e. the more members share similar characteristics and backgrounds, the greater the cohesive- ness or vice-versa.Group Dynamics 8989898989
•
If group members experience the group or collective success itget strengthened the cohesiveness.
•
If members share same tradition and custom this will definitely make the strong interaction and cohesiveness among the members. The ultimate of any organization is achieving the high production level. Most of the time, organization trying to find out the way by which they can achieve their target without any interruption. They now felt that apart from physical facilities there are some psychological satisfaction if given to worker than it will definitely increase the production level. For that reason the importance of group cohesiveness are taken into consideration. The relation- ship of cohesiveness and productivity depends on the group performance. As the performance and degree of cohesiveness is high than it resultant into high productivity. Other dimensions are shown in the exhibit 3.e¬°>a¬§¤®¨±¤«¤®®> > f¨¦§> j¬²> f¨¦§> f¨¦§>¬£°¢¯¨±¨¯´> k¬£¤ ¯¤>¬£°¢¯¨±¨¯´> > > e¬°> n¤¥¬ª «¢¤>> j¬²> b¤¢¤ ®¤>¨«>> ¬£°¢¯¨±¨¯´> l¬>®¨¦«¨¥¨¢ «¯>¤¥¥¤¢¯>¬«>¬£°¢¯¨±¨¯´>
Exhibit 2: Cohesiveness—Productivity Relationship Advantage of Group Cohesiveness
•
Group members are regular at their work.•
Members of cohesive group have no anxiety at the workplace.•
They have high moral and satisfaction level also high.•
Cohesiveness increase productivity.•
It reduces intra group conflicts.•
Quick transmission of messages.•
Members become participative.•
Problem of absenteeism reduces.•
Members become more loyal and committed to group norms. ❍ ❍ ❍90 90 90 90 90 Industrial Psychology
WORK
ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER
11
11.1 I
NTRODUCTIONM
ost of human relation experiments indicated that there are social factors which affect the production. Somehow, this phenomenon is incomplete because a production is done by worker or a group of workers' with their bond or combined efforts but environment where they work is also affect their efficiency. Image the situation where employees worked under the low intensity of light or proper ventilation is not there, is that possible to give 100 per cent effort in that particular environment? The answer is no and the particular company also suffer the losses as well as facing health related and personal problem of workers. In this chapter we discuss the concept of work environment and also the major factors which affect the work environment like noise, music, light and others.11.2 C
ONCEPT ANDM
EANINGWork environment is designed to establish and maintain physical conditions that allow workers' to concentrate on their work without any disturbance. These disturbances may be arising from the noise of the machines, improper ventilation, humidity and temperature of workplace, inadequate facility of drinking water and other amenities. Unfavourable working conditions slowdown the workers' activities and production process also. They increase the problem of absenteeism, turnover, and grievance and generally contribute to inefficiency. There is no doubt that people generally prefer delightful to distasteful environment and that when attention is paid to creating a favourable working environment, as well as to actual job performance methods, overall niceness prevails.
Working conditions has to ensure that it complies with all applicable laws and regulations. In India, the Factories Act 1948 is enacted primarily with the object to regulate the conditions of work in manufacturing establishments coming within the definition of term 'Factory' as used in the
Work Environment 9191919191
Act. According to Factories Act 19481, Chapter 3 deals with the 'health of the workers' with reference to such matters as cleanliness, disposal of wastes and effluents, ventilations, dust and fume, artificial humidification, overcrowding, lighting, drinking water, latrines and urinals and spittoons (section 11 to 20)