TSuNaMI Sample Processing Protocol Blood Samples
1. Balance centrifuge carefully 2. Spin at 3k rpm for 15 minutes
3. Carefully aspirate the upper plasma layer-‐ if contamination occurs with red blood cells then samples must be re-‐spun to ensure these are removed from the final stored aliquots
4. Store in 100 µl aliquots in labelled eppendorfs (Tsunami, study number, type of sample, time point i.e. T=X)
5. Store residue in blood bottle, label with Study ID number and time point 6. Transfer all samples to the freezer and place in appropriate boxes
Urine Samples
1. Store in 2 x 0.5 ml aliquots and 1 ml aliquots thereafter in labelled eppendorfs (Tsunami, study number, type of sample, time point i.e. T=X) 2. Any remaining sample should be stored and a note made on the sample vial
of volume
3. Transfer all samples to the freezer and place in appropriate boxes
Gastric Aspirate
1. Ensure samples have been appropriately labelled (Tsunami, study number, type of sample)
2. Transfer samples to the freezer and place in appropriate boxes
Endotracheal Aspirates
1. Add 200 µl of 0.9% NaCl solution to the sample using the Hamilton syringe 2. Use this plus other fluid to carefully and thoroughly flush the inside and
outside of any ET tubing provided. Ensure that as much residue as possible is removed by using a combination of pushing mucus using the syringe and air and liquid flushes to clean the tubing
3. Store in 300µl aliquots in labelled eppendorfs ((Tsunami, study number, type of sample, time point i.e. T=X, note also mucus content)
Transfer all samples to the freezer and place in appropriate boxes
References
ADAMS, F. H., TOWERS, B., OSHER, A. B., IKEGAMI, M., FUJIWARA, T. & NOZAKI, M. 1978. Effects of Tracheal Instillaton of Natural Surfactant in Premature Lambs. 1. Clinical and Autopsy Findings. Pediatr Res, 12, 841-‐848.
AINSWORTH, S. B. & MILLIGAN, D. W. 2002. Surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in premature neonates: a comparative review. Am J Respir Med, 1, 417-‐33.
ALLEN, M. C., DONOHUE, P. K. & DUSMAN, A. E. 1993. The limit of viability-‐-‐ neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation. N Engl J Med, 329, 1597-‐601.
ALLISON, B. J., CROSSLEY, K. J., FLECKNOE, S. J., DAVIS, P. G., MORLEY, C. J., HARDING, R. & HOOPER, S. B. 2008. Ventilation of the very immature lung in utero induces injury and BPD-‐like changes in lung structure in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res, 64, 387-‐92.
ASHTON, M. R., POSTLE, A. D., HALL, M. A., SMITH, S. L., KELLY, F. J. & NORMAND, I. C. 1992. Phosphatidylcholine composition of endotracheal tube aspirates of neonates and subsequent respiratory disease. Arch Dis Child, 67, 378-‐82. AVELDANO DE CALDIRONI, M. I., GIUSTO, N. M. & BAZAN, N. G. 1981.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina. Prog Lipid Res, 20, 49-‐57.
AVERY, M. E. & MEAD, J. 1959. Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. AMA J Dis Child, 97, 517-‐23.
BANCALARI, E. 2001. Changes in the pathogenesis and prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity. Am J Perinat, 18, 1-‐9.
BANSAL, N., CRUICKSHANK, J. K., MCELDUFF, P. & DURRINGTON, P. N. 2005. Cord blood lipoproteins and prenatal influences. Curr Opin Lipidol, 16, 400-‐8. BARNES, S. K. & OZANNE, S. E. 2011. Pathways linking the early environment to
long-‐term health and lifespan. Prog Biophys Mol Biol, 106, 323-‐36.
BATENBURG, J. J. 1992. Surfactant phospholipids: synthesis and storage. Am J Physiol, 262, L367-‐85.
BERDEAUX, O., JUANEDA, P., MARTINE, L., CABARET, S., BRETILLON, L. & ACAR, N. 2010. Identification and quantification of phosphatidylcholines containing very-‐long-‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in bovine and human retina using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A, 1217, 7738-‐48.
BERGHAUS, T. M., DEMMELMAIR, H. & KOLETZKO, B. 1998. Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in maternal and cord plasma at birth. Eur J Pediatr, 157, 763-‐ 8.
BERNHARD, W., PYNN, C. J., JAWORSKI, A., RAU, G. A., HOHLFELD, J. M., FREIHORST, J., POETS, C. F., STOLL, D. & POSTLE, A. D. 2004. Mass spectrometric analysis of surfactant metabolism in human volunteers using deuteriated choline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 170, 54-‐8.
BLIGH, E. G. & DYER, W. J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol, 37, 911-‐7.
BOHLIN, K., PATTERSON, B. W., SPENCE, K. L., MERCHAK, A., ZOZOBRADO, J. C. G., ZIMMERMANN, L. J. I., CARNIELLI, V. P. & HAMVAS, A. 2005. Metabolic kinetics of pulmonary surfactant in newborn infants using endogenous stable isotope techniques. J Lipid Res, 46, 1257-‐1265.
BOLTON, C. E., STOCKS, J., HENNESSY, E., COCKCROFT, J. R., FAWKE, J., LUM, S., MCENIERY, C. M., WILKINSON, I. B. & MARLOW, N. 2012. The EPICure study: association between hemodynamics and lung function at 11 years after extremely preterm birth. J Pediatr, 161, 595-‐601 e2.
BROWNLEE, K. G., KELLY, E. J., NG, P. C., KENDALL-‐SMITH, S. C. & DEAR, P. R. 1993. Early or late parenteral nutrition for the sick preterm infant? Arch Dis Child, 69, 281-‐3.
BUMMER, P. M., SANDERS, L. P., PAULY, T. H. & GILLESPIE, M. N. 1994. In vitro inactivation of pulmonary surfactant replacement preparations by serum albumin. Am J Med Sci, 307, 401-‐4.
BUNT, J. E., CARNIELLI, V. P., DARCOS WATTIMENA, J. L., HOP, W. C., SAUER, P. J. & ZIMMERMANN, L. J. 2000. The effect in premature infants of prenatal corticosteroids on endogenous surfactant synthesis as measured with stable isotopes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 844-‐9.
BUNT, J. E., ZIMMERMANN, L. J., WATTIMENA, J. L., VAN BEEK, R. H., SAUER, P. J. & CARNIELLI, V. P. 1998. Endogenous surfactant turnover in preterm infants measured with stable isotopes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 810-‐4.
BURDGE, G. C., HUNT, A. N. & POSTLE, A. D. 1994. Mechanisms of hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis in adult rat: effects of pregnancy. Biochem J, 303 ( Pt 3), 941-‐7.
BURDGE, G. C. & LILLYCROP, K. A. 2010. Nutrition, epigenetics, and developmental plasticity: implications for understanding human disease. Annu Rev Nutr 30, 315-‐39.
CARNIELLI, V. P., WATTIMENA, D. J., LUIJENDIJK, I. H., BOERLAGE, A., DEGENHART, H. J. & SAUER, P. J. 1996. The very low birth weight premature infant is capable of synthesizing arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids from linoleic and linolenic acids. Pediatr Res, 40, 169-‐74.
CARNIELLI, V. P., ZIMMERMANN, L. J., HAMVAS, A. & COGO, P. E. 2009. Pulmonary surfactant kinetics of the newborn infant: novel insights from studies with stable isotopes. J Perinatol, 29 Suppl 2, S29-‐37.
CLARK, H. & REID, K. 2003. The potential of recombinant surfactant protein D therapy to reduce inflammation in neonatal chronic lung disease, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema. Arch Dis Child, 88, 981-‐4.
CLARK, H. W. 2010. Untapped therapeutic potential of surfactant proteins: is there a case for recombinant SP-‐D supplementation in neonatal lung disease? Neonatology, 97, 380-‐7.
CLEMENTS, J. A. 1957. Surface tension of lung extracts. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 95, 170-‐2.
CLEMENTS, J. A. 1997. Lung surfactant: a personal perspective. Annu Rev Physiol, 59, 1-‐21.
COGO, P. E., CARNIELLI, V. P., BUNT, J. E., BADON, T., GIORDANO, G., ZACCHELLO, F., SAUER, P. J. & ZIMMERMANN, L. J. 1999. Endogenous surfactant metabolism in critically ill infants measured with stable isotope labeled fatty acids. Pediatr Res, 45, 242-‐6.
COGO, P. E., CARNIELLI, V. P., ROSSO, F., CESARONE, A., GIORDANO, G., FAGGIAN, D., PLEBANI, M., BARRECA, A. & ZACCHELLO, F. 2002. Protein turnover, lipolysis, and endogenous hormonal secretion in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 30, 65-‐70.
COGO, P. E., GUCCIARDI, A., TRALDI, U., HILKERT, A. W., VERLATO, G. & CARNIELLI, V. 2005a. Measurement of pulmonary surfactant disaturated-‐
phosphatidylcholine synthesis in human infants using deuterium incorporation from body water. J Mass Spectrom, 40, 876-‐81.
COGO, P. E., TOFFOLO, G. M., GUCCIARDI, A., BENETAZZO, A., COBELLI, C. & CARNIELLI, V. P. 2005b. Surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine kinetics in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia measured with stable isotopes and a two-‐compartment model. J Appl Physiol, 99, 323-‐9.
COGO, P. E., TOFFOLO, G. M., ORI, C., VIANELLO, A., CHIERICI, M., GUCCIARDI, A., COBELLI, C., BARITUSSIO, A. & CARNIELLI, V. P. 2007. Surfactant disaturated-‐phosphatidylcholine kinetics in acute respiratory distress syndrome by stable isotopes and a two compartment model. Respir Res, 8, 13.
COGO, P. E., ZIMMERMANN, L. J., PESAVENTO, R., SACCHETTO, E., BURIGHEL, A., ROSSO, F., BADON, T., VERLATO, G. & CARNIELLI, V. P. 2003. Surfactant kinetics in preterm infants on mechanical ventilation who did and did not develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Crit Care Med, 31, 1532-‐8.
COGO, P. E., ZIMMERMANN, L. J., VERLATO, G., MIDRIO, P., GUCCIARDI, A., ORI, C. & CARNIELLI, V. P. 2004. A dual stable isotope tracer method for the measurement of surfactant disaturated-‐phosphatidylcholine net synthesis in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res, 56, 184-‐90. COSTELLO, A. M., HAMILTON, P. A., BAUDIN, J., TOWNSEND, J., BRADFORD, B. C.,
STEWART, A. L. & REYNOLDS, E. O. 1988. Prediction of neurodevelopmental impairment at four years from brain ultrasound appearance of very preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 30, 711-‐22.
COSTELOE, K., HENNESSY, E., GIBSON, A. T., MARLOW, N. & WILKINSON, A. R. 2000. The EPICure study: outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics, 106, 659-‐71.
COSTELOE, K. L., HENNESSY, E. M., HAIDER, S., STACEY, F., MARLOW, N. & DRAPER, E. S. 2012. Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies). Brit Med J 345, e7976.
CROWLEY, P. A. 1995. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a meta-‐analysis of the randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173, 322-‐35.
DE VRIESE, S. R., DHONT, M. & CHRISTOPHE, A. B. 2003. FA composition of cholesteryl esters and phospholipids in maternal plasma during pregnancy and at delivery and in cord plasma at birth. Lipids, 38, 1-‐7.
DE VRIESE, S. R., MATTHYS, C., DE HENAUW, S., DE BACKER, G., DHONT, M. & CHRISTOPHE, A. B. 2002. Maternal and umbilical fatty acid status in relation to maternal diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 67, 389-‐96. DELONG, C. J., HICKS, A. M. & CUI, Z. 2002. Disruption of choline methyl group
donation for phosphatidylethanolamine methylation in hepatocarcinoma cells. J Biol Chem, 277, 17217-‐25.
DOYLE, L. W., ROBERTS, G. & ANDERSON, P. J. 2011. Changing long-‐term outcomes for infants 500-‐999 g birth weight in Victoria, 1979-‐2005. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 96, F443-‐7.
DZIECHCIARZ, P., HORVATH, A. & SZAJEWSKA, H. 2010. Effects of n-‐3 long-‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on neurodevelopment and visual function in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr, 29, 443-‐54.
EHRENKRANZ, R. A., WALSH, M. C., VOHR, B. R., JOBE, A. H., WRIGHT, L. L., FANAROFF, A. A., WRAGE, L. A. & POOLE, K. 2005. Validation of the National
Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics, 116, 1353-‐60.
ENHORNING, G., GROSSMAN, G. & ROBERTSON, B. 1973. Tracheal Deposition of Surfactant before First Breath. Am Rev Respir Dis, 107, 921-‐927.
ENHORNING, G., SHENNAN, A., POSSMAYER, F., DUNN, M., CHEN, C. P. & MILLIGAN, J. 1985. Prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome by tracheal instillation of surfactant: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics, 76, 145-‐53. ERICKSON, S., SCHIBLER, A., NUMA, A., NUTHALL, G., YUNG, M., PASCOE, E. &
WILKINS, B. 2007. Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 8, 317-‐23.
ESPER, A. M. & MARTIN, G. S. 2005. Evolution of treatments for patients with acute lung injury. Expert Opin Investig, 14, 633-‐45.
FAWKE, J., LUM, S., KIRKBY, J., HENNESSY, E., MARLOW, N., ROWELL, V., THOMAS, S. & STOCKS, J. 2010. Lung function and respiratory symptoms at 11 years in children born extremely preterm: the EPICure study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182, 237-‐45.
FENN, J. B. 2002. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: How it all began. J Biomol Tech, 13, 101-‐18.
FENN, J. B., MANN, M., MENG, C. K., WONG, S. F. & WHITEHOUSE, C. M. 1989. Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science, 246, 64-‐71.
FERRARA, T. B., HOEKSTRA, R. E., COUSER, R. J., GAZIANO, E. P., CALVIN, S. E., PAYNE, N. R. & FANGMAN, J. J. 1994. Survival and follow-‐up of infants born at 23 to 26 weeks of gestational age: effects of surfactant therapy. J Pediatr, 124, 119-‐24.
FUJIWARA, T. & ADAMS, F. H. 1980. Surfactant for hyaline membrane disease. Pediatrics, 66, 795-‐8.
FUJIWARA, T., CHIDA, S., WATABE, Y., MAETA, H., MORITA, T. & ABE, T. 1980. Artificial Surfactant Therapy in Hyaline-‐Membrane Disease. Lancet, 1, 55-‐59. GILBERTSON, N., KOVAR, I. Z., COX, D. J., CROWE, L. & PALMER, N. T. 1991.
Introduction of intravenous lipid administration on the first day of life in the very low birth weight neonate. J Pediatr, 119, 615-‐23.
GLASSER, J. R. & MALLAMPALLI, R. K. 2012. Surfactant and its role in the pathobiology of pulmonary infection. Microbes Infect, 14, 17-‐25.
GOLDENBERG, R. L., ANDREWS, W. W., FAYE-‐PETERSEN, O. M., CLIVER, S. P., GOEPFERT, A. R. & HAUTH, J. C. 2006. The Alabama preterm birth study: corticosteroids and neonatal outcomes in 23-‐ to 32-‐week newborns with various markers of intrauterine infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 195, 1020-‐4. GOSS, K. C. W., WARD, L., LEDGER, V., KOSTER, G., TOWNSEND, J. P., BURBIDGE-‐
KING, T., MARSH, M., CLARK, H. W., PAPPACHAN, V. J. & POSTLE, A. D. 2010a. Stable isotope labelling of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in vivo in children with acute lung injury. Arch Dis Child, 95(Suppl 1), A43-‐A45.
GOSS, K. C. W., WARD, L., LEDGER, V., KOSTER, G., TOWNSEND, J. P., BURBIDGE-‐ KING, T., MARSH, M., CLARK, H. W., PAPPACHAN, V. J. & POSTLE, A. D. 2010b. Variation in Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis in Children with Acute Lung Injury: An in vivo Stable Isotope Label Approach. Neonatology, 97, 397-‐397.
GREENOUGH, A., COX, S., ALEXANDER, J., LENNEY, W., TURNBULL, F., BURGESS, S., CHETCUTI, P. A., SHAW, N. J., WOODS, A., BOORMAN, J., COLES, S. & TURNER,
J. 2001. Health care utilisation of infants with chronic lung disease, related to hospitalisation for RSV infection. Arch Dis Child, 85, 463-‐8.
GREENOUGH, A., MORLEY, C. & DAVIS, J. 1983. Interaction of spontaneous respiration with artificial ventilation in preterm babies. J Pediatr, 103, 769-‐ 73.
GROSS, S. J., IANNUZZI, D. M., KVESELIS, D. A. & ANBAR, R. D. 1998. Effect of preterm birth on pulmonary function at school age: a prospective controlled study. J Pediatr, 133, 188-‐92.
GROSS, S. J. & SLAGLE, T. A. 1993. Feeding the low birth weight infant. Clin Perinatol, 20, 193-‐209.
HAGGARTY, P. 2002. Placental regulation of fatty acid delivery and its effect on fetal growth-‐-‐a review. Placenta, 23 Suppl A, S28-‐38.
HAGGARTY, P., ALLSTAFF, S., HOAD, G., ASHTON, J. & ABRAMOVICH, D. R. 2002. Placental nutrient transfer capacity and fetal growth. Placenta, 23, 86-‐92. HAGGARTY, P., PAGE, K., ABRAMOVICH, D. R., ASHTON, J. & BROWN, D. 1997. Long-‐
chain polyunsaturated fatty acid transport across the perfused human placenta. Placenta, 18, 635-‐42.
HALLIDAY, H. L. 2008. Surfactants: past, present and future. J Perinatol, 28, S47-‐ S56.
HALLIDAY, H. L., MCCLURE, G., REID, M. M., LAPPIN, T. R., MEBAN, C. & THOMAS, P. S. 1984. Controlled trial of artificial surfactant to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet, 1, 476-‐8.
HALLMAN, M., FELDMAN, B. H., KIRKPATRICK, E. & GLUCK, L. 1977. Absence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Study of the minor surfactant phospholipids in newborns. Pediatr Res, 11, 714-‐20.
HALLMAN, M. & GLUCK, L. 1975. Phosphatidylglycerol in lung surfactant. II. Subcellular distribution and mechanism of biosynthesis in vitro. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 409, 172-‐91.
HALLMAN, M., KULOVICH, M., KIRKPATRICK, E., SUGARMAN, R. G. & GLUCK, L. 1976. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid: indices of lung maturity. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 125, 613-‐7.
HALLMAN, M., MERRITT, T. A., JARVENPAA, A. L., BOYNTON, B., MANNINO, F., GLUCK, L., MOORE, T. & EDWARDS, D. 1985. Exogenous human surfactant for treatment of severe respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized prospective clinical trial. J Pediatr, 106, 963-‐9.
HALLMAN, M., MERRITT, T. A., POHJAVUORI, M. & GLUCK, L. 1986. Effect of surfactant substitution on lung effluent phospholipids in respiratory distress syndrome: evaluation of surfactant phospholipid turnover, pool size, and the relationship to severity of respiratory failure. Pediatr Res, 20, 1228-‐35.
HALLMAN, M., SPRAGG, R., HARRELL, J. H., MOSER, K. M. & GLUCK, L. 1982. Evidence of lung surfactant abnormality in respiratory failure. Study of bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipids, surface activity, phospholipase activity, and plasma myoinositol. J Clin Invest, 70, 673-‐83.
HALLMAN, M., TERAMO, K., YLIKORKALA, O. & MERRITT, T. A. 1987. Natural surfactant substitution in respiratory distress syndrome. J Perinat Med, 15, 463-‐8.
HELLERSTEIN, M. K. & NEESE, R. A. 1992. Mass isotopomer distribution analysis: a technique for measuring biosynthesis and turnover of polymers. Am J Physiol, 263, E988-‐1001.