6. Robustness Tests
6.2 Out of Sample Test: Transaction Level Analyses in Finland
Research question 1: What proportion of educated persons belong to the families with adult literacy background in the District?
Table 1 About educated persons
Responses S/N Village No of
educated persons
No with ALB
Percentage of ALB
No without
ALB
Percentage of non
ALB
1 Gumbi 75 65 87 10 13
2 Kasarawa 88 78 89 10 11
3 Kalambaina 30 24 80 6 20
4 Arkillar Magaji
30 22 73 8 27
5 Arkillar Liman 18 14 78 4 22
6 Badon Barade 54 43 80 11 20
7 Guiwa 33 23 70 10 30
8 Wajake 12 10 83 2 17
9 Kanrogo 9 5 56 4 44
10 Gyarabshi 12 9 75 3 25
Total 361 233 68
Average 77.1 22.9
Key: ALB – Adult Literacy background.
From the table above, it can be observed that, in each of the 10(ten) villages, the percentage of those educated persons who came from families with adult literacy background is more than that of educated persons from families without literacy background. In nine (9) of the ten (10) villages, the percentages of those that came from families with adult literacy background were above 70%. It was only in Kanrogo village that the percentage was 56%, which is still higher than that of those families without adult literacy background. To summarize this observation, the number of educated persons with adult literacy background was 233 which constituted 77.1% of the total population of 361 persons. With this very high percentage, it can be said that adult
Research Question 2: What proportions of educated persons are male or female?
Table 2 Educated persons by gender.
Responses S/N Village No of
educated persons
No of males
Percentage of males
No of females
Percentage of females
1 Gumbi 75 69 92 6 8
2 Kasarawa 88 81 92 7 8
3 Kalambaina 30 30 100 0 0
4 Arkillar Magaji 30 30 100 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman 18 18 100 0 0
6 Badon Barade 54 52 96 2 4
7 Guiwa 33 29 89 4 11
8 Wajake 12 11 92 1 8
9 Kanrogo 9 9 100 0 0
10 Gyarabshi 12 9 75 3 25
Total 361 338 23
Average 93.6 6.4
From the above table, it can be observed that in each of the ten (10) villages of the District, there were more male educated persons than the female ones. This is as a result of Purdah system in the area under study. It is a system in which interaction between males and females is restricted. It is a socio-cultural practice that is usually construed as religious practice. In this system adult females are kept in their matrimonial homes away from men. This practice excludes females from freely participating in social, economic and educational activities, hence the low number of females in such activities.
It is clear that out of 361 educated persons, 338 constituting 93.6% were males while only 23 constituting 6.4% were female. Hence, the proportion of males is much higher than that of females.
Research Question 3: What is the opinion of the participants on the impact of literacy
The participants of adult literacy programmes in the area understudy were served with a questionnaire appendix B. There were 15 questions and out of these questions, responses to questions 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 14 helped in revealing whether or not adult literacy programmes had impact on the people of the District.
Table 3 No of ex-participants that earn a living with their qualification.
Responses
S/N Villages No of
respondents
Yes Percentage yes
No Percentage no
1 Gumbi 23 13 56 10 44
2 Kasarawa 41 24 59 17 41
3 Kalambaina 18 17 94 1 6
4 Arkillar Magaji 4 3 75 1 25
5 Arkillar Liman 8 0 0 18 100
6 Badon Barade 20 20 100 0 0
7 Guiwa 10 10 100 0 0
8 Wajake 11 7 64 4 36
9 Kanrogo 33 15 45 18 55
10 Gyarabshi 34 15 43 19 57
Total 202 24 78
Average 64 36
From the above table, in seven (7) of the ten (10) villages, ex-participants whose occupations were related to their literacy acquisition were more than those whose occupations are not related to their literacy acquisition. Out of a total of 202 ex-participants, 124 constituting 64% disclosed that their present occupations are related to the literacy the acquired. This is an indication of positive impact of the literacy programmes they attended.
Table 4 Responses to the question, does literacy serve any other purposes?
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
Number of yes
Percentage of yes
Number of no
Percentage of no
1 Gumbi 23 23 100 0 0
2 Kasarawa 41 41 100 0 0
3 Kalambaina 18 18 100 0 0
4 Arkillar Magaji 4 4 100 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman 8 7 88 1 12
6 Badon Barade 20 20 100 0 0
7 Guiwa 10 10 100 0 0
8 Wajake 11 11 100 0 0
9 Kanrogo 33 33 100 0 0
10 Gyarabshi 34 34 100 0 0
Total 202 191 988 1 12
Average 99 1
The purpose of this question was to determine whether the ex-participants agree that other than providing job opportunity, adult literacy serves other purposes. Responses revealed that in all the ten (10) villages there were high percentages of positive responses.
Out of 202 respondents 201 responded “yes”. Only one (1) person out of 202 responded
“no”. This is also another indication of positive impact on the ex-participants.
Table 5 Ability to read and write by ex-participants.
Responses S/N Villages No of
respondents
Very well
% of very well
Fairly well
% of fairly
well
No, I cannot
% of No
1 Gumbi 23 12 52 11 48 0 0
2 Kasarawa 41 11 27 27 65 3 9
3 Kalambaina 18 4 22 13 72 1 6
4 Arkillar Magaji
4 2 50 2 50 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman 8 1 12 7 88 0 0
6 Badon Barade 20 4 20 10 50 6 30
7 Guiwa 10 3 27 6 65 1 8
8 Wajake 11 3 27 7 64 1 9
9 Kanrogo 33 12 36 18 55 3 9
10 Gyarabshi 34 6 17 27 80 1 3
Total 202 58 128 16 66
Average 29 64 7
The purpose of this question was to find out whether the main objective of participation in literacy programmes had been achieved by these ex-participants.
Responses revealed that 58 respondents constituting 29% of the ex-participants could read and write very well, 128 out of 202 constituting 64% could read and write fairly well, while 16 constituting 7% could not read and write at all. The 29 % and 64% could either read or write very well and fairly well respectively, indicated that at least those that had the opportunity of attending literacy development programmes had achieved the objectives of the programmes and hence the programmes had positively impacted on the people of the District.
Table 6 Ex- participants’ mates who earn a living with their qualifications.
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
All of them
About half of them
About a quarter of them
none
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Gumbi 23 15 65 1 4 7 31 0 0
2 Kasarawa 41 0 0 14 33 26 63 1 4
3 Kalambaina 18 3 17 12 67 2 11 1 55
4 Arkillar Magaji
4 0 0 3 75 1 25 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman
8 0 0 3 38 4 50 1 12
6 Badon Barade 20 10 50 5 25 4 20 1 5
7 Guiwa 10 0 0 5 50 5 50 0 0
8 Wajake 11 0 0 4 36 7 64 0 0
9 Kanrogo 33 0 0 18 55 15 45 0 0
10 Gyarabshi 34 8 23 20 64 4 13 0 0
Total 202 36 87 75 4 26
Average 15 45 37 3
This was to record the presence of positive impact or otherwise of literacy programmes on the ex-participants and by extension on the District. Responses showed that 36 out of 202 ex-participants constituting 15% of the ex-participants disclosed that all their mates were earning a living with their literacy qualifications, while 87 constituting 45% reported that only about half of their mates were earning a living with their literacy qualification, 75 constituting 37% reported that about a quarter were earning a living with their literacy qualifications and only 4 constituting 3% reported that none of their mates were earning a living with their literacy qualifications. This result implied positive impact since some of the ex-participants were able to secure and maintain jobs with the qualifications they obtained.
Table7 Assessment of literacy programmes by ex-participants.
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
Very successful
Successful Fairly successful
Not successful No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Gumbi 23 5 22 15 655 3 13 0 0
2 Kasarawa 41 30 74 8 20 3 6 0 0
3 Kalambaina 18 3 17 7 39 8 44 0 0
4 Arkillar Magaji
4 0 0 1 25 3 75 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman
8 4 50 4 50 0 0 0 0
6 Badon
Barade
20 3 15 6 30 9 45 2 10
7 Guiwa 10 2 20 6 60 2 20 0 0
8 Wajake 11 1 9 5 45 5 46 0 0
9 Kanrogo 33 5 15 10 30 15 46 3 9
10 Gyarabshi 34 3 10 11 33 20 57 0 0
Total 202 56 73 68 5
Average 23 40 35 2
The purpose of this question was to find out the opinion of ex-participants of adult literacy programmes on its impact on the people of the District. The responses indicated that 56 out of 202 respondents constituting 23% of the ex-participants were of the opinion that the literacy programmes had been very successful, 73 constituting 40% believed the programmes had been successful, 68 constituting 35% believed they were fairly successful, while only 5 ex-participants constituting 2% opined that it was unsuccessful.
This implied that 63% (23+40) of the ex-participants were of the opinion that literacy programmes had definitely been successful. These revelations connoted a positive expression about literacy programmes in the District.
Table 8 Constraints of literacy development from ex-participants.
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
Number of Affirmative
% affirmative
Number of Disagreed
% disagreed
1 Gumbi 23 22 98 1 2
2 Kasarawa 41 26 63 15 37
3 Kalambaina 18 14 76 4 24
4 Arkillar Magaji
4 3 82 1 18
5 Arkillar Liman
8 7 83 1 17
6 Badon
Barade
20 12 61 8 39
7 Guiwa 10 6 61 4 39
8 Wajake 11 8 70 3 30
9 Kanrogo 33 25 76 8 24
10 Gyarabshi 34 25 73 9 27
Total 202 148 54
Average 74 26
In this question some already widely referred to constraints of literacy development were listed for the ex-participants and their opinion was sought about the existence of the constraints or otherwise in the District. The questions had 7 responses which affirmed the existence of the constraints and each ex-participant was required to affirm or disagree with each of the constraints. Responses revealed that 148 participants out of 202 constituting 74% of the sample affirmed the existence of the constraints. This meant that ex-participants agreed more with the existence of the constraints than their non-existence. This was a positive impact since they were able to identify the constraints which must had created more awareness in the participants about adult literacy development in the District.
Table 9 Future of literacy development from ex-participants.
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
High hope
Hope Little hope
No hope No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Gumbi 23 0 0 12 52 9 39 2 9
2 Kasarawa 41 5 11 24 59 9 22 3 8
3 Kalambaina 18 3 17 10 55 5 28 0 0
4 Arkillar Magaji
4 0 0 4 100 0 0 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman
8 2 25 5 63 1 12 0 0
6 Badon Barade 20 6 30 7 35 5 25 2 10
7 Guiwa 10 2 20 6 60 2 20 0 0
8 Wajake 11 3 27 3 27 5 46 0 0
9 Kanrogo 33 1 3 14 42 16 49 2 6
10 Gyarabshi 34 4 13 7 20 22 64 1 3
Total 202 26 92 74 10
Average 15 51 30 4
This question sought for ex-participants opinion about the future hope of literacy development in the District, based on their experience and exposure to the action or inaction of the stakeholders of literacy development in the District. Responses received indicated that 26 out of 202 ex-participants constituting 15% of the ex-participants have high hope for the future of adult literacy development in the District, while 92 constituting 51% gave a hope opinion, 74 constituting 30% expressed little hope opinion, while 10 constituting 4% gave a no-hope verdict. The 66% (15+51) hope verdict manifested a positive attitude and hence a positive impact on the participants of adult literacy development programmes in the District.
Each of the 9 (nine) questions on the questionnaire B that helped in supporting research question gave a positive verdict, hence it can be concluded that ex-participants
demonstrated receiving positive impact as a result of the literacy development programmes they underwent.
Research Question 4: What is the opinion of the officials/community leaders on the impact of literacy development programmes in the District?
The officials of adult literacy programmes and the community leaders in the District were served with the questionnaire on appendix C for their responses about literacy development in the District. There were 13 questions on the questionnaire among which questions 9, 10, 11 and 12 helped in determining the impact of adult literacy programmes in the District.
Table 10 Assessment of programmes by Officials/Community Leaders 1.
Responses
S/N Villages No. of
respondents
Very successful
Successful Fairly successful
Not successful No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Gumbi 8 3 33 3 38 2 29 0 0
2 Kasarawa 7 3 43 3 43 1 21 0 0
3 Kalambaina 3 0 0 1 33 2 67 0 0
4 Arkillar Magaji 3 1 33 1 34 1 33 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman 3 3 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Badon Barade 3 1 33 1 34 1 33 0 0
7 Guiwa 4 2 50 2 50 0 0 0 0
8 Wajake 5 3 60 1 20 1 20 0 0
9 Kanrogo 4 1 25 2 50 1 25 0 0
10 Gyarabshi 3 0 0 2 66 1 36 0 0
11 Gumbi District office 3 0 0 1 34 2 65 0 0
12 Wamakko LG
secretariat
4 2 60 1 20 1 20 0 0
13 SAME, Sokoto 7 2 29 2 29 3 31 0 0
Total 57 21 20 15 0 0
Average 36 35 29 0
The purpose of this question was to determine the opinion of officials/community leaders on the level of the success of various programmes that took place in the District at
different points in time. The question had four responses, two indicating varying levels of success, one in between success and failure and one indicating failure. Responses showed that 21 out of 57 stakeholders constituting 36% of the officials/community leaders opinion was that of “very successful”, 20 constituting 35% held that of “successful”, 16 constituting 29% held that of “fairly successful” and 0% expressed “not successful”
opinion. That the responses indicated 71% (36% very successful + 35% successful) of the opinion of the officials/community leaders was that of success meant that to the best of their judgment success has been recorded in literacy programmes in the District.
Table 11 Assessment of programmes by Officials/Community Leaders 2 Responses
S/N Villages No. of respondents
Number of Affirmative
% affirmative
Number of Disagreed
% disagreed
1 Gumbi 8 8 100 0 0
2 Kasarawa 7 6 94 1 6
3 Kalambaina 3 2 71 1 29
4 Arkillar Magaji
3 2 83 1 17
5 Arkillar Liman
3 3 100 0 0
6 Badon
Barade
3 3 100 0 0
7 Guiwa 4 4 100 0 0
8 Wajake 5 4 87 1 13
9 Kanrogo 4 3 94 1 6
10 Gyarabshi 3 3 100 0 0
11 Gumbi
District office
3 3 100 0 0
12 Wamakko LG secretariat
4 4 100 0 0
13 SAME,
Sokoto
7 7 100 0 0
The question had six (6) responses which affirmed positive impact on people.
Respondents were required to either affirm the positive impact or to disagree. Responses showed 52 respondents representing 92% of the sample affirmed positive impact. While only 5 respondents representing 8% of the sample disagreed with the positive impact.
This position indicated that, the officials and community leaders were of the opinion that literacy programmes had positively impacted on the educational, social, agricultural and economic life of the people of the District.
Table 12 Future hope for literacy development from Officials/Community Leaders.
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
High hope
Hope Little hope
No hope No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Gumbi 8 2 25 4 100 2 0 0 0
2 Kasarawa 7 4 57 2 33 1 17 0 0
3 Kalambaina 3 0 0 1 0 2 100 0 0
4 Arkillar Magaji
3 1 33 2 67 0 0 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman
3 1 33 0 0 2 67 0 0
6 Badon Barade 3 1 33 2 67 0 0 0 0
7 Guiwa 4 2 50 1 33 1 0 0 0
8 Wajake 5 3 60 2 50 0 0 0 0
9 Kanrogo 4 1 24 2 67 1 0 0 0
10 Gyarabshi 3 0 0 1 33 2 67 0 0
11 Gumbi
District office
3 2 67 1 33 0 0 0 0
12 Wamakko LG secretariat
4 1 20 2 80 1 0 0 0
13 SAME,
Sokoto
7 2 29 3 60 2 20 0 0
Total 57 20 23 14 0 0
Average 33 42 25 0
From the responses 33% of the respondents (the officials/community leaders) indicated that there was high hope for future development of adult literacy, 42% indicated
hope for future success and 25% indicated there was little hope for future success and there was 0% expression of no future hope for adult literacy development. This means 75% (33+42) of the respondents indicated there was hope for the future development of adult literacy in the District.
Table 13 Constraints of adult literacy development from officials/community leaders.
Responses S/N Villages No. of
respondents
Number of Affirmative
% affirmative
Number of Disagreed
% disagreed
1 Gumbi 8 7 90 1 10
2 Kasarawa 7 5 71 2 29
3 Kalambaina 3 2 67 1 33
4 Arkillar Magaji
3 3 100 0 0
5 Arkillar Liman
3 2 67 1 33
6 Badon
Barade
3 2 67 1 33
7 Guiwa 4 2 50 2 50
8 Wajake 5 3 60 2 40
9 Kanrogo 4 3 75 1 25
10 Gyarabshi 3 2 67 1 33
11 Gumbi
District office
3 3 100 0 0
12 Wamakko LG secretariat
4 3 75 1 25
13 SAME,
Sokoto
7 5 71 2 29
Total 57 42 15
Average 74 26
In this question, some widely referred to constraints of literacy development were listed for the respondents (appendix p.69) and their opinion was sought about the
existence of the constraint. Out of 57 respondents, 42 constituting 74% affirmed the existence of the constraints. The awareness about constraints of literacy development was a positive impact, since it is likely to help to remove the constraints.