C HAPTER 2 S PORIDESMIN CHALLENGE IN DAIRY CATTLE
2 Age Sex Number Method of application Dose (if given) Analys
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.4 Sampling procedures
Samples were collected three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday), during (milk) and
after (blood and urine) the morning milking. Milk yields were initially recorded during sampling in
the morning, but after the two control weeks this was re‐evaluated, and from here on, were
recorded daily for all cattle, during morning and afternoon milking. Every Monday, one red topped
vacutainer (BD Vacutainer, 6.0 mL, 13 x 100 mm), from each cow was sent to NZVP for liver panel
analysis, primarily to monitor any changes in GGT and GDH enzyme activities. Cows were weighed
and condition‐scored each Monday and weekly faecal samples were submitted to NZVP for P.
chartarum spore counts. Pasture samples were sent to NZVP for spore counting when the cows
were moved into a new paddock. Additionally, daily observations were made and recorded to
detect any behavioural changes or clinical signs of photosensitisation. Clinical signs were defined as
reddening and swelling of the skin and/or additional peeling of unpigmented skin. Behavioural
changes were defined as obvious shade‐seeking, inappetence, or any irritability or discomfort at
milking.
The milk, serum, and urine samples were divided into smaller aliquots in the laboratory post‐
2.2.4.1 Milk collection
The test cows were milked before the main herd to ensure the cups were clean for sampling and no
contamination could occur. Milk samples were collected using herd testing equipment loaned for
the duration of the trial from Dairy No. 4. Bales 1 to 20 were assigned as the ones to be used for
sampling days. Each herd test sampling container was labelled with its corresponding bale number.
During milking, a proportionate volume of the cow’s milk (from start to finish) was collected. At the
end of milking a sample from each animal was transferred into sterile 60 mL plastic containers
labelled with the cow ID tag number and date, and were placed on ice in a polystyrene container for
the duration of testing. In the laboratory, the samples were separated into four 4 mL styrene tubes
and these, along with any spare sample, were stored at ‐80 oC until required for analysis.
2.2.4.2 Blood collection
Blood samples were collected via venipuncture, either from the tail (coccygeal) vein or from the
jugular vein in the neck. The tail vein was the first choice, however some cows proved difficult to
obtain enough blood for analytical purposes, in these cases the jugular vein was used. The
inconsistency of sampling sites didn't appear to have had any effect on the results. For tail bleeding
the animals were moved into a herringbone race, away from the milking shed, and positioned so
they were restrained by the other animals in the race. The tail was raised to be approximately
horizontal to the ground. An 18 gauge hypodermic needle held by a plastic holder was inserted
perpendicular to the skin surface into the groove lying in the ventral midline of the tail
(approximately 100 – 150 mm from the base of the tail). For jugular bleeding, the animals were
restrained in a head bale. The head was elevated, pressure was applied at the base of the jugular
groove, and the needle was inserted. Three red top plastic (serum) vacutainers of blood were
withdrawn from each animal, per sampling, where possible. Samples were stored in a light‐
protected plastic container until transported to the laboratory. Samples were left at room
temperature for between 2 and 6 hours to allow the blood to clot. The serum was separated and
the clot was removed by spinning down the tube at 3000 rpm for six minutes, using a Heraus
Multifuge centrifuge. The supernatant was transferred into 5 mL polypropylene tubes and stored at ‐80 oC until required for further analysis.
Every Monday, one blood sample per cow was submitted to the NZVP laboratory for ‘liver panel’
screening. The blood samples were spun down at 3000 rpm for 6 minutes and assayed at 37 oC. The
two major liver enzymes measured were serum GGT and GDH, which are non‐specific, but useful,
2.2.4.3 Urine collection
The cows were coaxed to void themselves by gently massaging/stroking the escutcheon below the
vulva, stimulating the cow to urinate. At each sampling 50 ‐ 60 mL of mid‐stream urine was
collected in sterile plastic sampling containers from each cow. Urine samples were placed in a
polystyrene container on ice until all sampling was completed. In the laboratory, aliquots of the
urine samples were transferred into three 4 mL polypropylene tubes and these, along with any spare
urine in the sampling containers, were stored at ‐80 oC.
2.2.4.4 Faecal and pasture spore counts
Faecal spore counts were measured to confirm that the cattle were not subjected to any natural
sporidesmin challenges during the trial. A random sampling of faeces was taken from 10 cattle
during every Monday sampling session. The 60 mL samples were pooled at the NZVP laboratory for
analysis. The NZVP staff then followed laboratory protocol for faecal spore counting (Smeaton,
2003a).
Whenever possible, pasture spore counts were measured prior to the cows moving onto a new
paddock. Although pasture fungal spraying was carried out prior to animal utilisation, these counts
verified that the spraying was successful, and the chance of a natural sporidesmin challenge was
minimal. Thirty cuts of ‘grass’ were taken from several places per paddock, to average any variation
across the paddocks. Each sample was cut at the base of the sward using shears and placed into
paper bags labelled with the paddock number and date. These samples were submitted to NZVP for
spore counting. Again, NZVP staff followed laboratory protocol for pasture spore counting
(Smeaton, 2003b).
Additionally, the pasture spore count records of the Massey University Equine and Farm Services
Clinic, which give an average spore count of Dairy No. 1 and Dairy No. 4, were monitored.
2.2.4.5 Abattoir sampling
The cattle were transported to Silver Fern Farms Pacific processing plant in Hastings two days after
the cessation of the trial (Day 42). On Day 45, the cattle were routinely slaughtered by complying
with all relevant government regulations relating to the processing of beef. All livestock were
inspected by a government employed veterinary officer and all animal welfare regulations were met.
qualified meat inspectors, and graded. Liver sampling was then carried out, in a room to one side of
the killing floor, for subsequent histological analysis.
Liver samples for histopathology were removed from the ventral and caudate lobes (2x2x1 cm
sections). The samples were placed directly into 10 % formalin within 20 minutes of slaughter, and
transported back to Palmerston North for analysis.
Formalin‐fixed liver samples were then trimmed into blocks and processed routinely, using a series
of alcohol solutions and a clearing agent before drying for staining. Sections were cut at 3 µm and
were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for examination with a light microscope.