Multimedia Encryption
Section 4. 4: MULTIMEDIA ENCRYPTION SCHEMES
4.4.5 Scalable Encryption and Multi-Access Encryption
Scalable coding is a technology that encodes a multimedia signal in a scalable manner where various representations can be extracted from a single codestream to fit a wide range of applications. Early scalable coding offers layered scalability. Newer scalable coding such as MPEG-4 FGS and JPEG 2000 offers fine granu- larity scalability. In a similar manner, scalable encryption encrypts a multimedia signal into a single codestream so that multiple representations can be extracted from the encrypted codestream directly without decryption. A basic requirement for scalable encryption is that the encryption should be robust to allow truncations. Otherwise, a truncation may desynchronize the decryptor or remove the decryp- tion parameters needed for decrypting the remaining data, resulting in erroneous decryption. Multi-access encryption also supports multiple representations with a single encrypted codestream. Different keys are used to encrypt different parts of a codestream to ensure that a user can only decrypt the portion of a codestream that he or she is authorized to consume. Scalable encryption and multi-access encryp- tion generally work with a scalable coding technology. Many syntax-compliant encryption schemes described in Section 4.4.4, such as encryption schemes for JPEG 2000, are also scalable encryption schemes. Some may be truncated only at a much coarser granularity. For example, the VLC and FLC codeword indices encryption scheme [11, 63, 93] allows truncations at a level of an entire segment within which permutation occurs. If a partial segment is truncated, the remaining data of the segment may not be decryptable. If encryption parameters are inserted after the termination markers, an encryption-unaware truncation may remove the bitstream of the last coding pass along with the encryption parameters, rendering the remaining data not decryptible.
Early scalable encryption schemes [27, 100–103] support layered scalability. They partition an MPEG bitstream into several layers according to quality or spatial-temporal resolution and encrypt each layer separately. Newer scalable encryption schemes support finer granularity of scalability. In addition to the scalable encryption schemes with fine granularity of scalability for JPEG 2000 that we have mentioned above, several scalable encryption schemes have also
REFERENCES 103
been proposed for other scalable formats. A scalable encryption scheme, Wee and Apostolopoulos proposed in [21, 22], partitions a scalable codestream into packets and applies a block cipher in CBC mode to encrypt the data in each packet inde- pendently. A packet-level granularity of scalability with truncation of trailing data in a packet is supported with the scheme. A selective encryption scheme, proposed by Yuan et al. [26], preserves the full scalability of MPEG-4 FGS after encryp- tion. A scheme that pseudo-randomly shuffles (RUN, EOP) symbols on a bitplane or sub-bitplane level and encrypts the sign bits of DCT coefficients is proposed in Yu [104] for MPEG-4 FGS enhancement layer encryption. The scheme sup- ports scalability at the sub-bitplane level within which shuffling occurs. Different encryption keys are used to encrypt different parts of a codestream for multi-access encryption. An encryption scheme to support two access types with multiple lay- ers for each type is proposed in by Yuan and co-workers [19, 20] for MPEG-4 FGS where independent encryption keys are applied. When a single encrypted codestream is required to support complex multi-accesses, such as simultaneously supporting quality, resolution, spatial, and temporal accesses, efficient key gener- ation and management are necessary for multi-access encryption. In addition, the key scheme should be robust to collusion attacks in which a group of cryptanalysts collude to derive the decryption keys that they cannot access. Scalable encryption and multi-access encryption with efficient key schemes will be described in detail in Chapter 11. Interested readers are referred to that chapter for further studies.
4.5 CONCLUSION
Multimedia encryption provides confidentiality for multimedia content and pre- vents users from unauthorized access. It plays a critical role in modern digital multimedia services and applications. In this chapter, we have presented the funda- mentals of multimedia encryption, including basics of modern encryption, unique issues and requirements in multimedia encryption, and typical multimedia encryp- tion schemes. This chapter provides a basis for many remaining chapters in this book. More advanced topics and specific applications of multimedia encryption can be found in subsequent chapters. Interested readers can read Chapter 6 for key management, Chapter 9 for format-compliant encryption, Chapter 10 for stream- ing media encryption, Chapter 12 for broadcast encryption, and Chapter 11 for scalable encryption and multi-access control. Other multimedia security issues such as multimedia authentication can also be found in other chapters of this book.
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