LIST OF APPENDICES
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study was conducted using macroalgae species, Gracilaria edulis from the brackish water canal located at Fisheries Department of Brackish Water Culture of Gelang Patah, Johor, (PPTAP) and Ulva lactuca from the estuaries of Sg. Melayu, Johor, Malaysia. Both macroalgae species possesses different morphology, characteristics and physical properties that follows its taxonomic classification.
However, both could act as potential biofilters in treatment of shrimp wastewater and significantly assimilates the dissolved inorganic nutrients.
The eco-physiological properties of the selected macroalgae could adapt and survive to brackish shrimp wastewater condition. In addition, the macroalgae species and green lipped mussels selected were found thrives naturally, for easy accessibility of culture materials. In addition, tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, of post larvae size was selected to observe its growth throughout shrimp production cycle and physico-chemical characteristics of the wastewater. The biofiltration capacity for nutrient removal and uptake rate investigated by using both macrolagae in several laboratories and outdoor tank-scale experiments. For outdoor tank-scale experiments, two treatment systems were designed- shrimp wastewater recirculation system and semi-closed circulation integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system that was built outdoor of Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
9 1.5 Significance of the Study
Aquaculture wastewater treatment have been extensively reported, particularly, for wastewater derived from varieties of fish cultivation integrated with macroalgae cultivation (Hernandez et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005b; Zhou et al., 2006;
Hayashi et al., 2008; Abreu et al., 2011b; Huo et al., 2012). However, very few research have been conducted on treatment of shrimp wastewater and improvement of its water quality. Application of ecological engineering tools such as IMTA for water pollution control by macroalgae integration is a viable approach for reducing the pollution load caused by shrimp cultivation. Thus, in this study water quality deterioration of shrimp wastewater has been addressed and as a mitigation, application of macroalgae biomass which act as a biofilter has been proposed as a biological treatment options. Besides its potential as biofilters, these macroalgae have considerable economic value and advantageous to be used in IMTA system. In addition, once the biofilter is selected, harvesting rate could be the most important controlling factor in design of a biofiltration system. To date, research on MSY approach to develop a biofiltration system is not given much attention. Thus, the application of MSY concepts was highlighted in this study and contributes to the design of a high efficiency sustainable biofiltration system.
Typically, IMTA system is developed and practiced by a few countries with the aim to produce a more productive, economically profitable and environmentally sound aquaculture system. However, major modification was made where the combination of aquaculture species used were tiger shrimp, green lipped mussel and macroalgae species i.e. G. edulis and U. lactuca. This is a new configuration which have not been used by others and known as semi-closed circulation integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system. In addition, the design of this system and execution in a semi-closed circulation approach, significantly improves the water quality and the combination of these species are safe for shrimp cultivation. Besides that, frequent water exchange that associated with the possibility of diseases outbreak during shrimp cultivation also improved in this closed circulation IMTA system.
Thereby, this study claims novelty for the design of this integrated treatment system and has been patented. The importance of this study are as follows:-
I. This study has revealed the amount of wastewater discharged that is produced from shrimp cultivation throughout its life cycle. The fate of nutrients that enter the shrimp tank in the form of feed were also identified.
II. The study exhibited that the selected macroalgae species can be cultured in shrimp wastewater and produces extra biomass while utilizing nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater.
III. This study provides a systematic treatment design which could be applicable for massive scale of shrimp cultivation and reuse of treated wastewater via the fabrication of a semi-closed circulation integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system.
IV. This study also provides information to design an integrated treatment system with combination of several treatment units and species successfully with considerable reduction of nutrients and organic load, that results in better yield of macroalgae and shrimp production.
V. The study provides information regarding MSY approach that can be applied for maximum harvest of macrolagae biomass for optimum biofiltration capacity.
VI. This study also offers multi-product harvesting at the end of the treatment stage and conversion into useful products where macroalgae biomass could be processed into fertilizer or animal feed, with shrimp and mussel for seafood commercialization purposes.
11 1.6 Thesis Organization
The thesis consist of seven chapters. Chapter 1, introduction of the study was explained, which contains the underlying considerations made in embarking this study.
Problem statement of the selected issues that concern of this study were highlighted.
Followed by the objectives or motivation for the study to be carried-out, which reflects the solution proposed for the problems proclaimed previously. The scope of the study aimed to confine the study to meet the objectives and satisfies the significance of the study. Lastly, the output of the study would be required to conform the significance of study which is known as the driving force for the overall research that has been reported in this thesis.
Collection of literature reviews presented in Chapter 2. Many books, journals, literature collections, government reports, and proceedings were sought to form the foundation of this chapter. The prospect and challenges of shrimp and macroalgae industry, internationally and nationally were discussed. The significant integration of macroalgae with aquaculture wastewater was described and the efficiency of the existing IMTA system was discussed. The approach of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is also pointed out.
Chapter 3 recorded the research materials and methodology applied to assist the research work to meet the objectives. Data analysis performed using Minitab software. Chapter 4 presents few laboratory experiments to assess on factors that affects macroalgae growth. Chapter 5 exhibits the potential of macroalgae as biofilters in an outdoor tank shrimp wastewater recirculation system integrated with macroalgae.
Eventually, Chapter 6 represents the combined treatment efficiencies in a semi-closed circulation integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system. The conclusions were highlighted in Chapter 7. Moreover, this chapter also covers future research recommendation and exploration extended from thisstudy.
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