e . To be distinguished from the preceding is the const ruction in whi ch the relative pronouns function absolutely and stand in what i s essentially a construct rel at ionship with a fol lowing noun :
za- lam?
, enta ' Grey 0
' el la sagaZ , e l la ' aganent
a leper ( lit . the one of l eprosy) the wife of Uriah ( she of Uriah) diviners (those o f divinati on ) demoni acs (those o f demons)
f. Closely related to this is the use of
za- (scldom ' ell/ (l ( J I' ' el la)before the names o f materials from which something
i s 111: 1 < 1 ( ' ,manbar za-warq a golden throne (lit . a throne , 0 1 1 ('
o f gold)
qenat za-' anada a l eather belt
g . Deriving from thi s appositional use, the pronoun za- b ccume quite generali zed as a "prepos ition" expressing the genitive case relat ionship . Its frequency varies from text to text , but it appears most commonly where the construct is prohibited by an intervening adj ect ive or suffix or when proper names are involved :
wangel qeddus za-' Egzi' ena Betale�em za-Yehuda
ra?ada wayn za-Hagripos Galila ' enta ' ahzab
the holy gospel o f our Lord Bethlehem of Judah
the Vineyard of Agrippa Gal i l ee of the genti les h . Any of the preceding attributive claus es and phrases may stand before as wel l as after the modified noun :
za-mota be' si the man who died
, e Z la ma?' u sab' the men \oIho came
za-warq manbar a golden throne
Note especially such expres sions as
za-matana-ze haymemot such faith (1 it . faith wh l c l l i s
to the extent o f t h i s ) 3a-kama-zo ae ltan such authority ( l i t . 1I 1 1 1 1 1 0 1' 1 I y
which i s l i k e t l l i ' , )
1 0 8
i . The relative pronoun is occasionally omitted , but this usage is common only in short non-verbal clauses fol l owing an indefi nite antecedent :
be' si semu Yo�annes a man whose name is/was John . 25 . 2 'Ama and xaba. ' Ama has s everal different functions which should be noted :
( 1 ) preposition : at the t ime of ( e . g . ' ama motu , ' ama we' etu mendabe) ; it frequent ly precedes a t ime word and is equivalent to
"on" : ' ama re lata on the day of. I t may be combined with ' em- (' em
' ama from the time o f) , la- (la-' ama at the time of) , and ' eska (' eska ' ama until the time of) .
( 2 ) conj unct ion : when , at the t ime when, fol lowed by a verbal clause : ' em-' ama from when , from the time when/that .
(3) relative adverb : e . g . we' eta ' amira ' ama re' ikewwo on that day when I s aw him . Note that it combines a relative and an adverbi al function when used thus .
The word xOha, already introduced as a preposition, also func
t ions as a relative adverb "where , the p lace where . " E . g . makan xaba nabarku the p l ace where I s at down . The noun of place is commonly omitted and xaba itself t akes on the full meaning of "the p lace where . " As such i t may be preceded b y other prepositions :
Tanse' at ' em-xaba wadqat. She got up from where she had fal len . Wa1' a ' enta xaba ma?' a.
Ro?u ' eska xaba wadqa.
He l eft the same way he came by.
They ran to ,,,here he had fal len . It may also be used as the direct obj ect of a verb :
' I-rakaba xaba nabarna.
Nouns :
tj.amr m . f. woo l
He did not find the p l ace where we had settled.
Vocabul ary 25
sagWr hair (human or animal) ; fur, feathers , plumage . warq m . go ld, money .
berur (pl . -at) m. si lver .
xa?in (pI . xw!aweH�l m . i ron ; sword, weapon ; tool , imp lement .
bert m . copper.
gamal (pl . -at, ' agmaZ) m . f. camel .
qenat (pl . -at , qenawet) m . bel t , cincture .
ma' s/ma rs (pl . ' am' est , ' am rest) m . f . skin , hide , leather (syn . of ' anada) .
sayf (pl . ' asyaf, ' asyeft.) m . f . sword . makan (pl . -at) m . f . p l ace, local e .
Exercises A. l . sab ' ' el l a mo ' u hagarana
2 . ' arda' ' e l l a hal l awu meslehu 3 . mas agger za-se�a zIlta �amara 4 . be ' si �abib za-gabra zanta sayfa 5 . welud ' ella motu ba-dawe
6 . ' anest ' ella �azana dibehu 7 . �ezb za- 'adawo l a-be�erena 8 . mal ' ak za-marJ;1ana ' em-gadam 9 . ma��eft za-we 'YU we' eta ' amira 1 0 . xa!e ' an ' ella nasseQu ' em-xat i ' atomu 1 1 . hagar ' enta nas ' ewwa
1 2 . nagar za-sama 'nahu
1 3 . berhan z a-mal ' o westa samay 1 4 . negus ' ekuy za-farhu ' em-qedmehu 1 5 . fenot ' enta se�etna ' emenneha 1 6 . haymanot za-kerydewwa
1 7 . damr za-setu l ana
1 8 . warq za-nas' uni ' em-beteya
1 9 . berur za-gabra z anta sayfa ' emennehu 20 . ' agmal z a-tasaya!na ' em-xabehu 2 1 . hagar ' ent a serna Hagara 9a�ay
2 2 . be' si za-semu l a- ' abuhu Yohannes we' etu 2 3 . be ' sit ' enta qabarewwo la-badnu l a-meta 24 . be ' sit ' enta fawwaso ' Iyasus la-walda 25 . nabiyat ' e l l a tafannawu xabena
26 . dangel ' ento tawalda madxena ' alam ba-xabeha 2 7 . W'H·t( wa-borur za-tawassaka la-newayu
2 B . x a , i n w lI - i > o r L za-rakabna westa we ' etu ' adbar
.' ' 1 . ,,,,, 1 d 7.11 hi' :. ;IWU �eywato ba-warq
109
1 1 0
3 0 . ' Eg z i ' ena za-wahabo sebJ:1ata be zuxa
3 1 . qeddus za-nasa'na segahu wa-qabarna we sta zentu makan 32 . ' anada wa_�agWra gamal z a-t agabra l ebsu ' emennehu 3 3 . z a-mas ' a xasar wa-mendabe
34. ' ent a se�ato zanta ma��afa b e ' s i t 35 . ' el l a gabra z anta ' al bas a ' anest . 3 6 . ' e l l a t afawwasu ' em-daweyatihomu �ezb 37 . ' e l la � an 'u ba-haymanot ret e ' t Kerestiy1i.n 3 8 . ' el l a t a� a\vwe ' u wa- ' el l a ' i -ta� awwe ' u 3 9 . ' el la nabaru ba-m1i. ' k al a �ezb ena 4 0 . za-tabaraka ' em -xaba 'Egzi ' ab�er
B. 1 . neway za-warq 6 . bet za- ' ebn 2 . ' albas za_?agWra gamal 7. hamar ' enta ' ed
3. qenat za-ma ' s 8 . sayf za-xa�in
4. dammana za-berh1i.n 9 . ' asyeft ' enta bert 5 . ' a� f z a-<;J.amr 1 0 . masw1i. ' t za-xebest wa-wayn C . 1 . kidan z a-takayada sutafehu mes l�na
2. kidim za-tas ana ' awu ba' enti ' ahu babaynatihomu 3 . J:1ezb ' e l l a ' odelV"/O
4 . J:1ezb ' e l l a t a?ab e ' una 5. xa! e ' an ' el l a t abaw e ' una 6 . t e ' z1i.z z a-wadayo dibena
7 . te ' z1i.z za-gabarna zanta bakam1i.hu 8 . ' aby1i.t za-wass akna l a-hagarena 9 . negus za-ma��awew\.,o lotu la-new1i.yomu 1 0 . J:1ezb ' el l a t agassa�u wa-tamehheru rete ' ta D . 1 . ' I-wadayku warqeya westa we' etu mak1i.n .
2 . Rakabna z anta makana ' ekuya fadf1i.da wa- ' i -nabarna westetu . 3 . ' Ama salus l a-warx xalafu ' em -xabena.
4. Ba� aJ:1na zeyya ' ama kona ' abuna makwannena beher . 5 . ' I - tan1i.garana ' em- ' ama g assa�nahu ba' enta za- gabr a . 6 . ' Ama ma�1i. ' kemu xaba mak1i.n xaba hal l o , ' i -re' ikemewwo-nu?
7 . Hal lona meslehu ' e ska ' ama mot a , wa- ' emze gab1i. 'na xaba
�
ana�nabetana .
8 . Tanse ' a ' em-xaba nabara wa-degana dexrena.
9 . ' I -gab5 ' ku hagara ' enta xaba wad1i. ' ku .
1 0 . �1 t 1 ;; ' :1 xohll q OIllOIl W:l- r a�c ' ' c l ilna ha' enta fenota ba�r .
I I I
Les son 26
26 . 1 Causative V erbs : CG , CD , CL, CQ. The s e cond maj o r class o f derived verbs from each of the bas es G, D , L, and Q is the causa
tive , marked in the P erfe ct by the prefix ' a- : G gab' a to come back
D sannaya to be beaut i ful L masana to perish Q danga�a to be disturb ed
CG ' agbe' a to bring back CD ' asannaya to make be aut .i ri l l C L ' amasana to destroy
CQ ' adangaq.a to dist urlJ I n thi s l esson w e shall deal with the causative verbs from (; VC' r h o I bases . These are the most numerous and varied of the four typl'·; . ' 1 ' 1 , , , bas i c form o f the P erfect is ' aclC 2aC3a , subj ect to mod i f j cat l oll (Jo l y with roots I I I - guttural and I I -W/Y . As noted previous l y , the ( ' i l l l i !
stem vowel before C3 = guttural is e ither zero (e . g . maq'a) o r (! ( <, . )1, . nasse
�
a) , depending on whether the preceding syl l able was o r i g i llul J y short (ma-Eie-' a > ma?'aJ or l ong (nas-se-�a, mo-qe-�a) ; thus , i n CC verbs we regul ar ly have e : ' am-Eie-' a, Jag-be-' a etc . Infl ect i on fol lows the pattern already given for verbs I I I - guttural :Caus ative verbs from roots I I -W usua l l y have a loss of the s econd radi cal ; from qoma we have J aqama, ' aqamat, Jaqamka, J aqamki, ' aqamku e t c . I f the root is l I I -gutt . in addi t i on , a i s repl aced by e : J abe' aJ ' abe' at, ' aba' ka , etc . (from bo' a) . The CG form ' aqoma i s a l s o att ested , inflected l ike qoma . From roots I I -Y the C G form ' akeda (root kyd) is the normal one , without loss of the second radi
cal .
26 . 2 The Meaning o f CG V erbs . From stative G verbs the CG verb is primari ly facti t ive , as in
G ' akya t o be bad CG ' a' kaya to make (s ometh ing) bad S ince a l l meanings of the simp l e G verb are at l east t heoret i c a l l y incorporated into the CG verb , w e sha l l not repeat here t h e f u I I range of meani ngs for tho s e verbs already introduce d . Spccl ll i I I I 1(1 11-t i oD shou ld be g i ven 11-to 11-the secondary, less predic11-tab l e 1II0: l I l I IiW. I h i l i some o f t he verbs have acquired .
(
',' i i, ! 1 ,)I' '
1 1 2
' a' kaya to make (something) bad ; to act badly (toward : la 'la , diba)
' a 'baya to make great , to incre as e , augment ; t o exto l , exalt , ab <ala to make rich
' ab laya to age , make o l d , render obsolete
' abzexa to multiply, make numerous ; to produce a l ot of, have a lot o f
' adwaya to make i l l ' afreha t o frighten
' a�yawa to restore to l i fe ; to heal , cure ; to let l ive ' a�zana to make s ad ; often used impersonal ly: ' i-' a�zano he
was not s addened ' andaya to reduce to poverty
' anoxa/' anexa to extend , put forth (e . g . one ' s hand ) ; to l eng
then, make l ong ( er) ; to rai s e high , elevate , exal t ; , anexa manfasa fa 'la h e was patient about .
' arte 'a to make right , correct , straight , stable
' a�daqa to make righteous , just ; to declare j ust or innocent ' a?ne <a to make firm, strong , etc . ; to grasp firmly (ba-) ; t o
learn b y heart (ba- lebbu) ' apbaba to make wise
From other intransitive verbs the CG verb has the basic idea o f caus
ing , ordering , or permitting someone o r something to perform a cer
t ain action . With verbs of motion the exact direction of the motion is o ften ambiguous , producing several trans lation values in Engl ish . For example , the CG verb ' a' tawa ( from ' atawa to go home) has the fol lowing possible meanings in Eng l ish : to send someone home, to let someone go home , to order someone to go home ; to bring s omeone/some
thing home , to bring someone/something indoors . The context wil l usual ly make clear which o f the various nuances o f the causative force applies .
' a <dawa to bring, l ead , or t ake across
' a <raga
to bring , lead, or t ake up ; to offer up (a s acrifice)
' a 'odato lead or t ake around , usually in the sens e of causing
to travel about , circulate in a pl ace (westa) , , li;krr!la La move to tears
, I ,} II/I ' �/I I I \) 1,,' 1 1l j�
' abe' a to bring, l e ad , o r t ake in ; to introduce , insert ' agbe' a to bring, l ead , or t ake back ; to turn back , defl ect ;
113
to hand over, b etray (acc. dir. obj . ; t o : westa ' eda) ' agWyaya to put to fl ight
' alhaqa to rais e , rear (e . g . chi ldren , plants)
, am <e <a to enrage (note the rel ationship t o the Gt verb tam <e <a)
' am?e'a to bring , o ffer; to cause to happen, bring about , amota/' amata to let die; to put to death ; to have 501ll0UII\'
killed
' anbara to set , p l ace, deposi t ; t o sett l e , cause to dW1l 1
, aqraba to cause to approach ; t o bring near , to offor
, aqama to set up , establish; to confirm the trut h 0 [ ; t u CII rr y
out the t erms of; t o cause to ceas e (e . g . ra i n) ' aro?a to cause to run ( esp . of horses)
' as�ata to lead astray ; to lead into sin or error ' askaba to cau s e to l i e down
' aw <aya to burn something up ; to burn, s corch
' awdaqa to drop, let fal l ; to throw down , cast down; to fel l , hew down.
' awde' a to bring , l ead , or take forth; to exp e l ; to put forth, produce
' aw�aza' to cause to flow (esp . tears) ' awrada to bring , send , or l ead down ' axlafa to cause to pass ; to pass (time)
Al l of the verbs in the preceding lists are singly transitive , t aking a direct obj ect in the accusative . C ausative verbs do not , as a rule, t ake dative pronominal suffixes .
When the negative ' i- is prefixed to a causative form beginning with ' a- , ' i'� becomes ' iya- . We shall transcribe this secondary _y_
as -t;- to prevent confus ion. E . g . 'i-' a' mara � , i-
y
a' mara he did not know .Voc[lbularly 26
Nouns :
" ' '' I I , " I' ; r ; ,' , breat h , vital l i fe - force ; II I " " ', , , , ,
114
' arami co l I . pagans, heathens , non-Chri stians . ' aramawi adj . idem . manker (pl . -at) miracle, marvel , wonder ; also adj ective (f. -t) mar
velous , wondrous . V erbs :
fapara t o creat e , produce ; to devise, fabricate . Gt tafapra pass ive . sa�aba to pul l , drag , draw ; to attract (to : xaba) ; to protract
(qaZa, nagaraJ . Gt tase�ba passive . sagada to bow down (to : Za- , qedma) .
paf' a to go out (of a l ight or fire) ; to perish, vanish . CG ' apfe' a t o extinguish; to destroy, annihi late .
' a' mara CG to know , understand, comprehend, real i z e , learn . Gt ta' amra passive .
Exercises
A. 1 . ' A�ne 'a kWello masahefta Kid1i.n l:laddas ba-l ebbu . 2 . ' Adwayo maya zat i hagar wa-mota.
3 . ' Ahz anana mot a la- ' egze' tena.
4 . ' Afrehomu zentu mendabe wa-g w ayyu ' em-heyya.
5 . ' A�yawa ' Iyasus mewutana wa-fawwasa dewuyana.
6. Dagema ' aJ:1yawomu l a-deweyan ' em-dawehomu .
7 . ' �yawuna wa- ' i-qat aluna.
8. ' Ab z exa gebara sannayata.
9 . 'Anlhku ' edaweya wa-nasa'kewwo l a-we ' etu mashaf.
1 0 . ' A 'baya ' Egzi ' ab�er weludihu wa-newayo �eqqa fadfad a .
1 1 . La-ment ' a' kaykemu l a 'leya?
1 2 . Mahharomu l a- ' arda' ihu wa- ' a!babomu.
1 3 . ' Arte 'a ' albaba 'elewana wa- ' a�daqa xa! e ' ana.
1 4 . ' Anexa 'elatata �eywateya diba medr . 1 5 . ' As ne ' a haym1i.notomu.
1 6 . ' Ab 'ala naddayana wa- ' andaya ' ab 'elta.
1 7 . ' I -ya' kayku diba k1i.1e ' aneya.
1 8 . ' A 'baya serno ba-kwellu ba�awerta 'al amo 19. Manna ' a�daqqa ba-west a ye ' et i hagar?
20. ' Anexa manfaso 1a ' la gebara we1udihu wa- ' i -gassa�omu .
B . 1 . ' Axlafna samanta 'amata heyya . 2 . ' A 'dokcwwomu wes t a kal e ' be�er .
3 . ' A ' r :tgl'''wO d i ";1 '.lJmnrOnlu.
4 . 'Am�o ' a l ita kel ' et a newaya . 5 . ' Am ' e ' o nagaru l a-makwannen . 6 . ' A ' ragna ' arba ' t a maswa ' t a .
7 . ' Aqraba l otu wayna wa-xebesta . 8 . 'Aw�aza maya ' em-ye ' et i ' ebn . 9 . ' Agba' kewwo xaba z amadu . 1 0 . 'Aba'na ' asyeft ihomu west a bet . 1 1 . Manna wa-menta ' aba'kemu l ana?
1 2 . ' Aqama zanta kidana mes l ena.
1 3 . L a-ment ' i- ' aqamkemu qalat a kidanu?
1 4 . ' Aw4a' na newayo w a- ' aw ' ayna beto . 1 5 . ' Askab1i.homu l a-weludihon ta�ta 'e4.
1 6 . ' Awdaqu ' asyafihomu wa-ro�u ' em-qedmena.
1 7 . ' Awrada ' essata dibehornu . 1 8 . ' Alhaqo be ' si ' ar amawi . 1 9 . ' AgWyayna sedes t a ' emennehomu.
2 0 . ' I -!af ' a ' essat we ' eta l e l i t a .
2 1 . Zentu we ' etu rnakan za- ' a 'odana westetu . 2 2 . ' E llontu ' el l a ' amatewwornu la-l iqanina.
2 3 . Zentu we ' etu rnakan xaba ' anbaru segahu.
2 4 . ' Abe ' a warqa wes t a beteya wa- ' anbaro qedrneya . 25 . ' Am�e ' a l ana tes ' ata gama1a.
C. 1 . F a! ara ' Egzi ' ab�er sarnaya wa-rnedra.
2. ' Abzexa sisayana wa- ' i-nadayna . 3 . ' Efo ' a! fa' kemu z ata ' essata?
4 . ' Awdaqa ' e�a wa-wadayo westa ' essat . 5 . ' Awdaqa betomu dibehomu wa- ' amatomu . 6 . Sagadu lotu wa-wahabewwo warqa wa-berura.
7 . ' Abzexa t a ' amera wa-mankerata wa- ' amnu bezuxan ba-wangel u . 8 . Nabara ba-ma' kal a ' arami wa-sagada 1a-!a' otomu .
9 . Mota ' abuhu wa- ' alhaqo ' exwa ' abuhu, be' si xer wa-�abib . 1 0 . Tafa!ra zentu ' al am ba' enti ' akemu wa-ba' enta daqiqekemu . 1 1 . Sa�abana ga� �u sannay wa-nagaru �abib .
1 2 . Sa�abewwo Ivesta h agar ' eska mal ' a damu west a kWellu fen:Iw iho..
1 3 . Sa�abkll qaleya ' eska meset , wa- ' emze xa1 afku ' em-xabehoIliLi .
1 1\ . !'ar' at 'cssat ha-maqdasa �a' otomu .
, � . � ;() h :1 � "lTI ' II nagaro , ' a 'maru ' esma madxenomu we ' etu .
US
1 1 6
1 6 . ' A 'marku �egguka wa-t afa����ku ba-qilitihu .
, ' db- b he omu wa-�e�ewwo la-sab '
1 7 . ' Aw�e ' u xa�ina wa-bert a em- a ara e . rba' edan .
1 8 . Ba-samun ' a 'marna kama ma��awa ' abuna nafs o . 1 9 . Tase� ebna xab�hu ba' enta mankerat za-gabra.
2 0 .
' At fe ' u ' ahgurihu wa-nas ' u �e zb o ' agberta .
2 1 . 'As�atomu nagara we
' etu nabiy ' e lew l a- hezb , wa- ' i-nabaru
� enu ' an a ba-haymanotomu .
, ' d l ' ana h. ezb , wa- ' emuntu ' amotewwo .
2 2 . ' Agbe ewwo westa e awa l.q2 3 . ' Aw' aya berhana �a�ay ga�� atihomu .
1 1 7
Lesson 27
2 7 . 1 Causative Verbs : CG (continued) . Causat ive verbs derived from transitive G verbs are theoretically doubly trans itive : to cause ( someone) to do (something) . I n practice, however, the first obj ect is usual ly personal and suffixed to the verb , thus obscuring its
" accusati ve" status : ' ar' ayana ma?�afa he showed us a book (li t . 1111
caused us to see a book ) . Even more frequently one o f the two obj or l '.
is omitted (usual ly the Erst) and the trans lat ion must be adj \Js l ('d
accordingly :
' Aqtala we' e ta nabiya.
' Asme <a te' zazo.
He h ad that prophet ki l l ed ( J i t . I , , · caused someone unspecified to k I I I ... 1
He made kno\VTI his decre e . ( 1 i t . 1 1 1 1
caused someone unspeci fied t o ill''' ' . . . J.
Fol lowing are the CG verbs derived from transitive G verbs al ready
introduced :
' a' mana to convert ( in the religious sense)
' a <dawa to l ead or take (someone : acc . dir . obj . ) acros s (�cc . dir. obj . )
' a<qaba to hand ( someone/something : acc . dir. obj . ) over to (someone : obj . suff. or xaba) for s afekeeping
' agbara to make or order ( someone : acc . dir. obj . ) do or make (something : acc . dir. obj . )
' �nal}a
to have (acc . dir . obj . ) built ; to cause ( someone : acc. dir . obj . ) t o buil d (acc . dir . obj . )' ak�ada to contradict , not bel ieve (acc . dir . obj . ) ; to lead (someone : acc. dir. obj . ) from the faith
' amo' a!' ame' a to make (someone : acc . dir. obj . ) victorious (over : la <la, ba-)
' anbaba to read , recite (acc. dir . obj . ) ; to s tudy, medi t ate . ' anse' a to rai s e , cause t o rise (from seat ed or lying pos i t i on) ' an?ara to look (usual ly with the preposition mangala towlIl'd) ' aqbara to cause , allow, order (someone : acc . di T . o"j . ) I n
bury (someone : acc. dir . obj . )
' aqtala to cause or order ( someone : acc . d i r . ohJ . l I n " I I I
(someone : acc . dir . obj . ) ; to have ( ' 0111<,<> 1 1 1 ' . 1 " t i l l
I
1 1 8
obj , ) killed
' ar' aya to show (someone/something : acc . dir. obj . ) to (some
one : obj . suff . ) ; to reveal , make manifest (ac c . d i r . obj . )
' arkaba to cause (someone : acc . dir. obj . ) to find or acquire (something : acc . dir. obj . )
' asme � to announce (acc . dir. obj . ) to (obj . suff . or Za-) ; to summon (acc. dir . obj . ) as a witness
' asmaya to be wel l known , famous , outstanding
' a?,afa to caus e (someone : acc . dir . obj . ) to write (acc. dir . obj . )
' awlada to cause (someone : acc . dir . obj . ) to bear a child; to beget a chi l d ( acc. dir . obj . )
27 . 2 Causative Verbs : CD , CL, CQ . Causative verbs from D , L , and Q b ases are much less frequent than CG verbs . Note the fol lowing:
' a' ammara used l ike D ' ammara , but not in the Perfect , where it is rep l aced by ' a'mara C in the sense of the D verb . ' agabbara to make (someone : acc . dir . obj . ) do (something : acc .
dir. obj . )
' anasse,a to l ead (someone : acc . dir . obj . ) t o repentance ' asannaya to adorn, deck out , array
' abezawa to have (someone : ace . dir. obj . ) redeemed
2 7 . 3 General Remarks on the V erbal System. The basi c l exical types G, D, L, and Q, with their medio-passive , reciprocal , and ' causative derivatives , form a group of iso l ated but p aral l e l syst ems :
D �G
/ \ r---/l�
CD -- - -) Dt CG - - -> Gt Glt CQ - - -> Qt
/I�
Qlt Occasi ona l l y there i s no bas e verb , and a transitive- intrans itive re l at i onship exists between the caus at ive and the medio -passive verbs , as indicated by the dotted l ines above . Examp l es of this areCG/Gt
CD/Dt CQ/Qt
' a'mara/ta' amra , am 'e 'a/tam ' e 'a , as affawa/tasaffawa ' amandaba/tamandaba
to know/be known to enrage/be enraged to give hope/have hope to affli ct/be afflicted
1 1 9 i n a few inst ances there i s a derivational rel ationship between two base types , espe'cially G and D . As noted previously, this is some
times only apparent and a resul t of partial mergings for phonetic reasons ( e . g . mahara/mahhara) . In other cases , however, the relation
ship is real but i s not based on any productive derivational process within Ethiopic itsel f; such forms are either remnants of an earl ier stage of the l angu:lge or creations under the influence of other Semitic l anguages such as Aramai c and Arabic . It is also poss i h l ,' for any o f the derived systems to be used to form denominat i ve v(' ,'i i ' , ; these stand outside of the derived system relationships prope ,. Ill' cause of their special i zed meanings . The verb ' asmaya (to he " """,","
outstanding) in our l ist above i s a good example of th j � . T i l " " X
pected meaning of CG ' asmaya , rel ative to G samaya, woul d hl' " I ( )
cause to name" ; ' asmaya, however, is denominative from t h e :,d l lll' l l vl' semuy famous .
Vocabul ary 27 Nouns :
' egr (pI . ' egar, ' a' gar) f . m . foot . westa/xaba ' egara at t he Ceel o C ba-' egr on foot . ' egra ga�Qy ray o f sunlight .
' anqa?/' anqaq (pl . ' anaqe?) m . f. gate (of city, temp l e , or other l arge structures) .
tergWame (pl . tergWameyat) m . f . translation, interpretation . za-ba-, tergWamehu za-ba-, ze-we' etu tergWamehu the interpretation of which is.
tent beginning; ' em-tent from the beginning . nadd m . fl ame ; nadda ' essat idem .
Verbs :
' apmaqa CG to baptize (acc. dir. obj . ) . Gt tatamqa pas sive . nadda to burn (subj ect i s fire, flame , anger etc . ) . CG ' andada to
s et afire, igni t e . Glt tanadada to burn with a mutual passion .
, a 'rafa CG
(1)
intrans . : 'to rest , find rest , come to rest ; to die ; ( 2 ) trans . : to give rest (to : obj . suff . ; from : ' emenna) . ' afqara CG to love (acc. dir. obj . ) . Gt tafaqra to be loved , b e l oved.C I t ta�aqara to love one another ; to love (someone : mesZa) . ' wnunclauu CQ to affl ict, oppress (acc. dir . obj . ) . Qt tamandah'1 1 n
he opp res sed .
' , r:', ()),, (1,). ( ( 'I I (" p r"ffl i S l' ( something : acc . dir. obj . ) to ( S Ufflt ' O " ' " ' < 1 ' 1 ,
1 2 0
suff. or Za-) . Dt tasaffa1JJa to hope for , expect , look forward to ( ace . dir. obj . ) .
Other:
mangaZa (presuffixal : mangaZe-) prep . t o , toward, in the direction of.
mangaZa (presuffixal : mangaZe-) prep . t o , toward, in the direction of.