Your task in this style of question is to reorganize the sentences into the order in which they were originally written.
152. A. Pluto is the ninth and the most distant from the sun. B. It is tiny compared with the giants Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus which have massive, dense, gaseous atmospheres. C. Our solar system has nine planets formed from gas and dust left over after the sun was formed.
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153. A. The best farmland and industries are concentrated in the north which is mountainous and has a cool wet climate. B. The mainland peninsula and the island of Sicily and Sardinia make up the country. C. The dryer, hotter south relies more on farming and tourism than industry and has active volcanoes.
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154. A. This is pollution. B. It can be small-scale or global and most plants and animals suffer its effects. C. Harmful by-products of industry and agriculture enter the environment.
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155. A. Large buildings have foundations which form the base on which they are constructed. B. They all tend to have a roof, walls and a fl oor. C. Buildings come in a huge variety of sizes and shapes from tower blocks and supermarkets to garden sheds. D. Despite the differences they all serve the same purpose of providing shelter for us and our belongings.
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156. A. Food is important in other ways too. B. Anything that we can digest is food. C. We get our energy and essential bodily nourishment from what we eat. D. Because not having enough, the right sort or eating too much leads to bad health.
157. A. The rapid growth in urban living has been largely unplanned. B. By contrast, today half the world’s population lives in cities. C. As a conse- quence, inadequate housing and an absence of essential amenities are common. D. Two hundred years ago most people lived in villages or small towns.
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158. A. It protects us from the most harmful of the sun’s rays and retains the sun’s heat. B. The earth is surrounded by colourless and odourless gases. C. They are mainly nitrogen and oxygen but also carbon dioxide and a gas called argon. D. Without this atmosphere life on the planet would not be possible.
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159. A. Plastics have become the most used material in the world. B. The exception is rubber, a naturally occurring plastic extracted from trees. C. Their molecules are made up of very long chains of atoms. D. Most are synthetic, made from chemicals extracted from oil.
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160. A. However, while muscles can pull they cannot push; for this reason most movements rely on a pair of muscles pulling in opposite direc- tions. B. One end is connected to a bone that does not move and the other to one that does. C. We can move because our muscles contract. D. When the muscle contracts it pulls the moving bone.
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161. A. It is readily exchanged for goods as long as the buyer and seller both accept its value. B. They may only be made from common metals and paper but they are accepted as valuable because of what they represent. C. Money works as a ‘standard of value’. D. The most famil- iar forms of money are coins and banknotes.
162. A. It is produced by vibrations that travel by moving molecules which bump into one another. B. In air sound travels at over 300 metres per second. C. Sound is a form of energy. D. These vibrations are called sound waves.
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163. A. Frames are constructed rising from the foundations. B. The build- ing site is cleared and levelled. C. The interior is decorated. D. Foundations are built by pouring concrete into the holes. E. Services are installed on each fl oor. F. Excavations are made for foundations and basements.
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164. A. The fi ndings of a study concluded that three-quarters of taxpayers pay too much tax. B. It was claimed that taxpayers will pay more than £5 billion in unnecessary taxes next year. C. Their investigations found that the vast majority of taxpayers take no action to reduce the amount of tax that they pay. D. The authors urged taxpayers to take the trouble to claim refunds and reliefs to which they are entitled.
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165. A. Iron is by far the most used by mankind. B. To produce iron its ore is mixed with coal and limestone and heated to high temperatures in a furnace. C. There are more than 50 metals found naturally as ores. D. This produces pig iron which is further refi ned to make steel. Answer
166. A. The system is interactive. B. A travel agency illustrates well how telecommunications and computers are used to improve customer service. C. This means that when an employee wants to access the system he or she enters data and the system replies with further screens until the desired outcome is realized. D. The agency uses an online enquiry and booking service from a terminal in the offi ce that is connected to a remote server by a telecommunications link.
167. A. The home page is usually the fi rst thing that you will see when you fi rst access a site. B. Each website has its own unique address which is called its uniform resource locator. C. It is divided into millions of sites which are fi les made up of pages of information. D. Perhaps the most signifi cant service available on the internet is the World Wide Web. Answer
168. A. There are thought to be billions of them. B. Perhaps the most common objects in the universe are stars. C. It includes everything visible, invisible, known and not yet known. D. The universe is made up of everything that exists.
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169. A. It involves the temporary, voluntary movement of people. B. It is estimated that one in ten of the working population is engaged in the industry. C. Affected are the places and people through which they pass and the people who make the trip possible. D. Tourism is the fasting-growing industry in the world today.
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170. A. But most of the population live in the much milder south. B. It occupies the Scandinavian peninsular with Norway. C. Twenty-fi ve per cent of the country lies within the bitterly cold artic circle. D. Sweden is the fi fth largest country in Europe.
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171. A. Reformers want new laws that will make the owners of casinos act in socially responsible ways. B. These tricks might include removing clocks from the gambling fl oor, simulating daylight and making the exit hard to fi nd. C. The new super casinos will be something completely new and some fear that they will deploy psychological techniques to maximize gambling. D. In particular, they want regula- tions that ban the casino operators from encouraging people to gamble or that increase the risk of problem gambling.
172. A. ‘It is a great disappointment to fi nd young employees so defi cient in their command of English’, wrote one. B. Reading is one of the most important keys to success. C. But what is happening to stand- ards? D. Employers are critical.
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173. A. From the road you just glimpse the tops of the houses with names such as Sweet View and Ocean Swell. B. It boasts a cinema, tennis court, two pools and elegant but informal gardens and terraces that all look out to sea. C. Inside the high walls and closed gates of the two and a half hectare site you begin to appreciate the extent to which it caters for the lifestyle of the extremely wealthy.
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174. A. The very hot coolant is used to generate steam to drive turbines and produce electricity. B. A nuclear power station uses the energy produced by a controlled nuclear reaction. C. A series of chain reac- tions occur inside the core and produce heat. D. The heat is carried away by a coolant circulating the core.
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175. A. The fairytale writer is its most famous adopted daughter. B. She gave the world classics such as The Lost Teddy Bear and The Adventures
of Young Tom. C. The centenary of Lisa Smith approaches and the city
of Leeds plans many celebrations. D. Adopted because she was not born there but made it her home for over three decades.
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176. A. Therefore keeping the walls warm can save heat. B. Offi ce manag- ers who leave the heating on over weekends report lower annual fuel bills than if they turn the heating off at these times. C. This has been proven in several academic studies and is supported by considerable anecdotal evidence. D. When heating is turned on in a cold building a lot of heat is fi rst used to evaporate condensed moisture in the walls.