CHAPTER FOUR
4.4 Empirical and Theoretical Expansion of the Field
4.4.3 A shift from static to more dynamic conceptualizations of the environment
integrated in order to better understand the inter-relationship between aging persons and the environment (Phillipson, Bernard, Phillips & Ogg, 2001). Scharf et al., (2005), in their discussion of social exclusion of older adults in deprived urban communities, provided one such example of a critical integrative approach regarding the nature of environmental influences on aging. They conceptualized social exclusion in later life as a multi-dimensional phenomenon influenced by physical, cultural, social, political and institutional environmental components. A new critical EG research perspective, as proposed by these authors, would adopt a similar integrative and holistic view of the nature of environmental influences in later life.
4.4.3 A shift from static to more dynamic conceptualizations of the environment
Another key way that integrating a critical perspective into EG will aid in broadening how the environment is understood and studied is that it will encourage further consideration of the environment as dynamic. Rather than being viewed as a static element to which older adults must adapt, environmental elements will be recognized as interconnected and dynamic entities that can be altered through individual agency, collectives, and/or societal action. Research that takes into consideration the interplay between the person and environmental context is being developed. Take, for example, a contemporary environmental issue such as aging in place, which has emerged as a focus of research efforts in the field of EG (Scheidt & Norris-Baker, 2003; Wahl & Lang, 2003). Aging in place is a policy ideal intended on “understanding and addressing place within the aging process” (Johansson et al., 2012, p. 2). It is often defined as living in the same, or familiar, place over a prolonged period rather than in residential
care (Johansson et al., 2012; Wiles et al., 2012). Much of the aging in place literature is focused on the home specifically (Iwarsson, 2005; Lawton, 1982; Nygren et al., 2007; Tanner, Tilse, & de Jonge, 2008). Yet, aging in place should also be examined through the lens of the cultural meanings of aging in place (Wiles et al., 2012), the dynamic construct of place (Johansson et al., 2012), the political and economic implications of aging in place as a policy ideal intended on reducing the costs of institutional care, and the impact of the environment on social inclusion and participation for those who do ‘age in place’.
4.5 Conclusion
Critical gerontologists have pointed to various ways contemporary environments, particularly in the ‘Western’ world, shape and perpetuate social injustices in later life. EG has been used to demonstrate the significance of the environment for aging persons in multiple ways; however, the field is in need of a more concerted shift towards integrating a critical sensibility in order to uncover new ways of thinking about aging and the environment and further address issues of inequity and injustice. By further integrating a critical gerontological perspective into EG, several key and innovative issues, related to how environments shape aging processes, could be explored.
The apparent difficulties in pushing beyond current conceptualizations of the environment may result from inadequate engagement in researcher reflexivity, at individual and disciplinary levels. Values and beliefs about aging shape the questions that are asked, how the problems are conceptualized, and the solutions offered within EG (Katz, 1996). Gerontological researchers are at the forefront of shaping societal perceptions of aging. If the goal is to re-shape how society perceives and addresses later life, then those studying aging and making recommendations regarding how to address age-related issues are the first ones who need to question how they think and subsequently write about aging in relation to environments. Making the shift towards a more critically informed EG requires members of the field to be critically reflexive regarding how their own
research may relate to societal values and views on aging. Implicit, taken-for- granted social conceptions of older adulthood, that influence theoretical and research development, need to be questioned and deconstructed as a necessary step before change can occur regarding how the environment in older adulthood is understood. Such a fundamental change would provide a new lens through which to view issues related to the environment and aging.
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