2. General Overview of Slag
2.6 Slag Components
Ashes, geological melts, glasses etc. are consisting of metal oxides in a wide variation of component quantity and mass ranges [16,37,45,46]. As pointed out in chapter 2.3, components are influencing the structure and therefore the properties of slags. A summary and short overview of metal oxides is given in the following sections.
2.6.1 Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also named silicon oxide, SiO2, or just silicate plays the most important role in slag viscosity prediction. As major constituent of natural coal ash slags and glasses, its participation is well investigated. Numerous viscosity models are depending on silicate, chapter 4.1.
The chemical and structural behavior of SiO2 was introduced in detailed by chapters 2.3 and 2.4. As network former, it is increasing viscosity with increasing amount in a slag system. Some slag systems are poor in silicate, i.e. ashes of Rhenish lignite.
2.6.2 Aluminum oxide
Aluminum oxide or alumina are synonyms of Al2O3. Known as an amphoteric, it is mainly used as network former within a multicomponent slag system. Depending on mass fraction, high concentrations of Al3+ are reported to modify a network and lower the viscosity. The formation of a five- or sixfold coordination is assumed.
Low concentrations of Al3+ are defined as network former, viscosity is increasing. Al3+ forms a fourfold coordination in addition with silicon Si4+. The charge difference between Al3+ and Si4+ has to be balanced by an additional network modifier such as Na+ or K+ to form the NaAl4+ ion. A higher charged network modifying cation has to be sited between two Al3+ ions.
The distribution of Al-O-Al, Al-O-Si and Si-O-Si bonds within a melt depends on the field strength of added network modifiers. Low-field strength cations (low 𝑍/𝑎2), such as
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 T in °C B/A on mass
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2. General Overview of Slag 23 by the way released. Sulfur oxide requires sufficient oxygen to be formed from sulfides [79]. Alkali metal and alkaline earth metals sulfates are decomposed above about 980 °C, little or no SO3 is found in most slags that have been heated to much higher temperatures [80].
Sulfur occurs in form of an anion in slag [81]. The solubility of sulfur depends on temperature, pressure, bulk composition, and the fugacity of oxygen and sulfur. Two main valence states are referenced for sulfur in basaltic magmas, these are sulfide S2- and sulfate SO42-. The higher the temperature, the lower is the solubility of free sulfur [82]. Binary Al2O3-CaO slags are reported to fix between 1 and 2.5 wt.-%. Ternary Al2O3- CaO-SiO2 slags offers sulfur capacities in the range of 1.10-2-1.10-4 mass-% at 1500 °C and 1.10-1-1.10-4 mass-% at 1650 °C. By approximation, the solubility of S decreases with the number of slag components and increases with the ratio of CaO, FeO or MnO [34].
The effect of sulfur on slag viscosity is rarely given in literature due to the low amount of stored sulfur in slags. It is supposed, that low amounts of S to not vary slag viscosity in a significant level. Examined slags of this work contain up to 0.2 wt.-% of SO3 after measurements, Table 46.