M eans (± standard deviation ) o f the ankle sagittal angles (°) o f the Sgroup divided into their cluster subgroups.

S G I SG 2 S G 3 Statistical Analysis (p) SGI x SG2 SGI xSG3 SG2xSG3 A1 -0 .2 (± 4 .4 ) 3 .8 (± 2.8 ) -3 .9 (± 5 .5 ) NS NS <0.05 A2 -3 .5 (± 3 .8 ) 3.6(± 2.6) -6 .2 (± 4 .3 ) <0.05 NS <0.05 A3 13.7(±3.3) 1 1.4(±2.1) 3 .6 (± 5 .3 ) NS <0.05 <0.05 A 4 3 .2 (± 4 .6 ) 5 .8 (± 3.0 ) -2 .0 (± 6 .2 ) NS NS <0.05 A 5 4 .3 (± 5 .2 ) 5 .7 (± 2.9 ) -0.1 (± 5.4) NS NS NS A6 17.2(± 3.5) 8 .3(± 3.4) 6 .2 (± 8 .4 ) <0.05 <0.05 NS A 7 -1 .8 (± 2 .6 ) 3 .3 (± 2 .8) -5 .5 (± 6 .7 ) <0.05 NS <0.05

N S = N o t sta tistic a lly sig n ifican tly d iffe re n t < 0 .05= S ta tistica lly sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t

S ee pages 101-104 for a d e scrip tio n o f th e ab b re v iatio n s

T a b ic 4 .16 : M e an s (± stan d ard d e v ia tio n ) o f th e foot ro ta tio n a n g le s (°) in the tran sv erse p la n e o f the stro k e g ro u p d iv id e d into th eir c lu ste r sub g ro u p s.

SG I SG2 SG3 Statistical Analysis (p) SGlxSG2 SGIXSG3 SG2XSG3 R1 -5.6(±24.7) -10.2(±16.4) -2.2(111.1) NS NS NS R2 -17.7(±21.5) - 17.3(± 16.6) -2.0(±9.4) NS NS NS R3 -1.8(123.91 -6.9(±16.1) 3.6(±5.3) NS NS NS R4 -10.9(±24.9) -11.1 (± 14.6) -7.7(18.2) NS NS NS R5 -15.6(±25.7) - 14.6(±14.7) -11.4(±7.8) NS NS NS

N S = N o t sta tistic a lly sig n ifican tly d iffe re n t < 0 .0 5 = S ta tistica lly sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t

Table 4.17:

M eans (± standard deviation) o f the hip, knee and ankle m om ents (Nm /kg) o f the Sgroup divided into their cluster subgroups.

SGI

SG2

SG3

Statistical Analysis (p)

SGI x SG2 SGI xSG3 SG2xSG3

HM1

0 .6 (± 0 .4 ) 0 .3 (± 0 .3 ) 0 .5 (± 0 .5)

NS

NS NS

HM2

-0 .5 (± 0 .2 ) -0 .2 (± 0 .1 ) -0.2(± 0.4) NS NS NS

KM1

-0 .3 (± 0 .2 ) -0 .2 (± 0 .3 ) -0.3(± 0.3) NS NS NS

KM2

0 .0 (± 0 .3 ) -0.1 (± 0.3) 0 .0(± 0.1) NS NS NS

KM 3

-0 .5 (± 0 .2 ) -0 .3 (± 0 .3 ) -0.5(± 0.2) NS NS NS

AMI

0 .0 (± 0 .0 ) 0.0(±0.1) 0 .0(± 0.0) NS NS NS

AM2

0 .8 (± 0 .3 ) 0.6(±0.3) 0.5(±0.4) NS NS NS

AR1

0 .0 (± 0 .0 ) 0.0(±0.0) 0.0(±0.0) NS NS NS

AR2

0.1 (± 0 .1 ) 0.1 (±0.0) 0.1(±0.0) NS NS NS

N S = N o t sta tistic a lly sig n ifican tly different < 0.05 = S ta tistica lly sig n ific a n tly different

See p ag es 101-104 for a d e scrip tio n o f the a b b re v iatio n s

Subgroup 1

T h is su b g ro u p ( S G I ) in co m p a riso n to SG 2 had a sig n ific a n tly faster w alk in g speed (W S ) by 0.3 (± 0 .1 )m .s ‘' (T ab le 4.12). T h is w as as a resu lt o f S G I step length (S T ) being sig n ific a n tly in creased in co m p ariso n to SG 2 by 0.3 (±0.1 )m a n d S G I strid e length (S R L ) b e in g sig n ific a n tly in creased by 0.3 (± 0 .1 ) w h en co m p a red to SG 3 and 0.5 (±0.1 )m w h en c o m p a red to SG 2 (T ab le 4 .1 2 ). S G I a lso had a sig n ific a n tly d ecreased foot o f f p e rc e n ta g e (F O ) by 12.1 (± 3 .3 )% w h en c o m p a re d to S G 2 (T a b le 4.12). At the hip jo in t S G I had sig n ific a n tly increased sag ittal p lan e ex c u rsio n an g le o f th e h ip

(H6)

in co m p a riso n to S G 2 by 21.8 (± 4 .4 )° (T ab le 4 .1 3 ). A t th e k n ee jo in t SG I ex tend ed th eir knee d u rin g sta n c e (K 3 ) to a sig n ifican tly g re a te r ex ten t th an SG 2 by 8.9 (± 2 .9 )° (T ab le 4 .1 4 ). A t th e a n k le jo in t S G I had a sig n ific a n tly in cre ase d a n k le p lan tarflexio n a n g le d u rin g th e lo ad in g resp o n se (A 2) by 7.1 (± 1 .8 )° in co m p a riso n to SG 3, a sig n ific a n tly in creased m a x im u m d o rsiflex io n a n g le o f th e a n k le d u rin g stan ce (A 3) by

10.1 (± 2 .0 )° in c o m p a riso n to SG 3, a sig n ific a n tly in cre ase d to tal sagittal plan e e x c u rsio n a n g le o f th e an k le (A 6 ) in co m p ariso n to S G 2 a n d SG 3 by 8.9 (± 2.5 )° and

11.0 (± 2 .8 )° a n d S G I h ad a sig n ifican t increase p lan ta rfle x io n a n g le d u rin g sw in g (A 7 ) th an SG 2 by 5.1 (± 2 .0 )° (T a b le 4.15).

W hen th e gait o f S G I w a s co m p ared to th at o f th e N A M g ro u p ms sig n ific a n t d ifferen ces w ere n o ted b e tw e en th e g ro u ps for som e g a it v a ria b le s (T a b le s 4 .1 8 -4 .2 3 ). D ouble su p p o rt tim e (D S ) w a s sig n ific a n tly d ec re a sed in th e S G I in co m p a riso n to th at o f the N A M groupm s by 1.3s (T a b le 4 .1 8 ). T he p ercen tag e at w h ich foot o f f (F O ) occu rred w as sig n ific a n tly in creased in S G I in co m p a riso n to th at o f the N A M groupm s by 4 .8 % (T ab le 4 .1 8 ). T h e lim p index (L I) w as sig n ifican tly increased in the S G I in com p arison to that o f th e N A M g ro u p ms by 0.2 (T able 4 .1 8 ). S in g le lim b su p p o rt tim e (S S ) w as sig n ifican tly d e c re a sed in th e S G I in co m p a riso n to th at o f th e N A M g ro u p ms by 0 .8 s (T ab le 4 .1 8 ). S tep len g th (S L ) w as sig n ifican tly g re a te r in th e S G I in co m p a riso n to that o f the N A M groupm s by 0 .0 2 m (T ab le 4.18). S tep w idth (S W ) w as sig n ific a n tly greater in S G I in c o m p a riso n to N A M g ro u p ms by 0 .0 5 m (T ab le 4 .1 8 ). A t the p elv is the SG I had a sig n ific a n tly g re a te r fall o f the p elv is in th e co ro n al p la n e d u rin g the stan ce phase o f the g a it c y c le (H R 2 ) by 6 .0° and a sig n ific a n tly g re a te r rise o f th e p elv is in the co ro n al p lan e d u rin g the sw in g p h ase (H R 3 ) by 6 .4 ° in co m p a riso n to that o f the N A M groupm s (T ab le 4 .1 9 ). W h en th e k n ee a n g le s o f th e S G I w ere co m p ared to th at o f the NAM groupm s the m ax im u m knee flexion an gle o b tain e d d u rin g the sw ing phase (K 5 ) w a s sig n ific a n tly d ec re a sed by 15.4° and the total sag ittal p lan e ex c u rsio n an gle o f the k n ee (K 6 ) w as sig n ific a n tly d ec re a sed by 14.3° in the S G I in co m p a riso n to that o f the N A M g ro u p ms (T ab le 4 .2 0 ). W hen the m o m e n ts o f the lo w e r lim b s in S G I w ere co m p a red to th at o f th e NA M groupm s. th e m ax im u m hip fle x o r m o m e n t (H M 1 ) w as sig n ific a n tly in creased by 0.3 N m /k g and the m a x im u m h ip e x te n so r m o m e n t (H M 2) w as sig n ific a n tly in cre ase d by 0.2 N m /k g, the first m ax im u m knee e x te n so r m om ent (K.M 1) w a s sig n ific a n tly increased by 0.2 N m /k g and th e m ax im u m foot internal

m o m e n t (A R 2 ) w a s sig n ifican tly d ec re a sed b y 0.1 N m /k g in th e S G I in co m p ariso n to that o f th e N A M groupm s (T a b le 4.23).

W h en a c o m p a riso n is m ade b etw een the sig n ifican t d iffe re n c e s o f th e g a it o f S G I and that o f th e N A M g ro u p ms and the S g ro u p affected lim b s g a it and that o f th e N A M g ro u p ms m any d iffe re n c e s can be noted. S G I had a g re a te r fo o t o f f p e rc e n ta g e co m p ared to that o f th e S g ro u p by 8 .5 % [T able 4.18).

T a b ic 4 .18: M ean s (± stan d ard d ev iatio n ) o f tem p o ral d ista n c e p aram eters o f S G I, SG 2, SG 3 and the N A M groupm s

IV A M my SG I SG2 SG3 Statistical Analysis (p) NAM X SGI NAM XSG2 NAM XSG3 C (s te p .m in 'r) 58.5 (±2.4) 67.5 (±16.2) 52.6 (±14.1) 59.2 (±18.0) NS NS NS D S (sec) 2.2 (±0.3) 0.9 (±0.4) 1.5 (±0.6) 1.2 (±0.6) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 F O (% ) 69.8 (±2.9) 65.0 (±5.6) 77.1 (±6.9) 69.5 (±7.6) <0.05 <0.05 NS L I 0.6 (±0.1) 0.8 (±0.1) 0.9 (±0.1) 0.8 (±0.1) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 S S (sec) 1.2 (±0.1) 0.4 (±0.0) 0.4 (±0.1) 0.4 (±0.1) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 S L (m ) 0.43 (±0.1) 0.45 (±0.12) 0.19 (±0.10) 0.30 (±0.12) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 S T (sec) 0.7 (±0.2) l.l (±0.3) 1.3 (±0.5) 1.5 (±0.6) NS NS NS S W (m ) 0.19 (±0.03) 0.24 (±0.03) 0.24 (±0.09) 0.28 (±0.10) <0.05 NS NS S R L (m ) 0.96 (±0.18) 0.73 (±0.17) 0.27 (±0.19) 0.45 (±0.13) NS <0.05 <0.05 S R T (sec) 2.1 (±0.1) 1.9 (±0.2) 2.4 (±0.2) 2.3 (±0.9) NS NS NS

N S = N o t sta tistic a lly sig n ific a n tly d ifferen t < 0 .0 5 = S ta tistica lly sig n ific a n tly d ifferen t

G rey h ig h lig h tin g sig n ifie s that the reactio n o f th e su b g ro u p to the c o n d itio n is different to the S g ro u p w h en c o m p a red to the N A M g ro u p ms

See p a g e s 115 fo r a d escrip tio n o f the abb rev iatio n s

A t th e h ip jo in t S G I had g rea ter e x te n sio n o f the hip d u rin g stan ce (H 3 ) by 6 .3 °, greater e x te n sio n o f th e h ip at to e -o ff (114) by 4.2 ° and g re a te r total sag ittal plane ex cu rsio n o f th e hip (H 6 ) by 5.9 ° in co m p a riso n to the affected lim b o f th e S g ro u p (T a b le 4.19). T he S G I also had d e c re a sed ad d u ctio n o f the hip in stan ce (H 8 ) by 1.0° and increased ab d u c tio n o f the h ip in sw in g (H 9 ) by 1.6° [T able 4.19J.

Tabic 4.19:

M eans (± standard deviation) o f hip and pelvic angles (°) o f S G I, SG2,

In document The effects of ankle foot orthoses on the gait pattern of stroke patients with equines deformity of the foot (Page 146-150)