5.1. Introduction
Two l applications involving shape memory alloys have been explored and theoretically analyzed using the finite element method. The first application involves the actuation mechanism (shape memory effect) of shape memory alloys and the second examines the benefit of the pseudoelastic (superelastic) properties in providing structural stability in the context of high temperature buckling scenarios.
Both these applications involve the attachment of shape memory alloys to structural steel members. The connection between the SMA and the steel component is crucial in understanding the effect that the retrofit may have on the steel. Complete and pure attachment between the SMA and the steel components is rather hard to achieve and a realistic method must be established and explored. There are several practical ways that SMA may be attached as a retrofit, but the two most applicable and feasible ways are presented in Section 5.2. The effects that the attachment method has on these applications are included in this chapter.
In section 5.3.1 the shape memory effect or actuation of the shape memory alloy is explored by simulated a beam retrofitted with a SMA plate and subjected to actuation strain from the SMA. In section 5.3.2 the pseudoelastic effect of the shape memory alloy is explore through the retrofitting of a wide flange column for the purpose of strengthening the column during building fire conditions.
96 5.2. Shape Memory Retrofit Attachment Method
There are two plausible methods for connecting shape memory alloy to structural steel members. The first is a rather common method involving epoxy adhesive. This method is traditionally used in fiber composite retrofitting. This method is very applicable to fiber
composites since the fiber material is already supported by an epoxy matrix. The retrofit is made directly on the structural member by applying plies of fiber composites and applying the epoxy with each layer. This method is possible when considering shape memory alloys as the retrofit, but there are some problems when considering its mechanical abilities. First, the shape memory effect supports very large mechanical strains which in turn create large surface stresses along the epoxy/steel interface. In most cases the failure of the epoxy bond to the substrate will control most failure modes. Another problem is that some shape memory alloys must be heated to rather high temperatures which would degrade the epoxy adhesive and hinder its ability to maintain surface adhesion as well as degrade the stiffness of the epoxy allowing the interface between the steel and SMA to elongate. High temperature epoxy adhesives could also be used, but still pose the problem of large actuation strains created by the SMA retrofit. With these concerns in mind, an alternative retrofit method for shape memory alloys is explored.
A second alternative method involves mechanical bolt fastening of the SMA retrofit to the structural member. Utilizing pretensioning of bolt fasteners to produce frictional anchorage, the retrofit can be attached to the structural members while not being susceptible to the above described mechanical concerns associated with epoxy adhered retrofits.
Bolt pretensioning attachment of the retrofit can create a complex analysis for the applications in this chapter. The models used in this chapter, simplify the retrofit attachment by using a pure and complete attachment, or bonding, of the contact surfaces between the SMA
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retrofit and the structural member. Understanding that this is ideal but unrealistic, a comparison between a bolted retrofit scenario and a purely bonded retrofit scenario must be considered. This chapter entertains this comparison and concludes with some general considerations for realistic attachment of SMA to steel.
Figure 5.1: Pretensioned Bolted SMA Retrofit Anchorage Detail
98 5.2.1. Exploratory Model
In order to explore the differences between the completely bonded attachment of the SMA retrofit to the more realistic bolted attachment, a finite element model & analysis, utilizing bolt pretensioning methods, is developed. This model simplifies the retrofitted beam geometry and looks entirely at the bottom flange of the beam where the retrofit is attached. At this location, during positive bending of the beam, the bottom flange encounters mostly normal tension stress, which the bonding elements must resist in the form of shear stress. To simplify this, just the bottom flange, of a W16x26 wide flange beam, is modeled and the beam flange portion of the model is subjected to a tension load. Two loading conditions of the model are explored. The first tests the anchorage abilities of the bolted assembly while subjected to an external tension and the second tests the anchorage abilities of the bolted assembly while subjected to an internal actuation force by the SMA retrofit while the beam flange is fixed both ends.
Figure 5.2: Bolted Attachment FEA Model Geometry
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Figure 5.3: Bolted Attachment FEA Model Mesh
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Figure 5.4: Pretensioned Bolted SMA Retrofit (External Loading) FEA Model
Figure 5.5: Pretensioned Bolted SMA Retrofit Model (External Load)
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Table 5.1: External Loading Model Boundary Conditions
x-axis y-axis z-axis x-axis y-axis z-axis
A Face Fixed Fixed Fixed --- ---
---B Face Fixed Fixed Fixed --- ---
---C Bolt Assembly Free Free Free --- 1,000
---D Bolt Assembly Free Free Free --- 1,000
---E Bolt Assembly Free Free Free --- 1,000
---F Bolt Assembly Free Free Free --- 1,000
---G Face Free Free Free --- --- 10,000
H Face Free Fixed Free --- ---
---Displacement Loading (lbs)