A Structure of Thesis

Six structured number of Chapters have been documented by of this thesis with appendices in such a way that it can be comprehendible and readable. This section explained how these Chapters and appendices organised^.

9 Figure 2Structure of the thesis

Chapter 1: Introduction: tried to describe the general outlines of the thesis which

consists of aim, objectives, hypotheses and the method (show summarise of initial survey and experiment as well as the main two research experiments). Also, it gave general idea of literature and the contributions of the thesis.

10 Chapter 2: Multimodal Interactive System for Electronic Journalism and Social

Media: Provides some background studies about terms of e-journalism and social media, its definitions and history highlights the benefits and limitations, and mentions the method of presentation in term of adding and retrieving comments of the environment and users to digital world. Moreover, it outlines the concept of public opinion by demonstrated the environment factor and some media studies theories. Some potential aspects are specified describing to multi-modal systems, considered the approach that these metaphors interact with electronic interface applications and real interaction studies developed by other researchers. Lastly, it reviews some recently enhanced method and interfaces for e-journalism and social media applications in the term of adding and retrieving comments systems.

Chapter 3: Initial Survey and Experimental: An Empirical Investigation into How the

Interaction of E-Journalism can be enhanced– discusses a survey and an initial experiment achieved for the investigation of the usability features of e-journalism and social media applications in the term of adding and retrieving comments systems utilising multimedia metaphors.

Chapter 4: An Investigating the Role of the AVATAR Metaphors in the Improvement

of the Impactability of Public Opinion on Social Media–discusses a set of experiments impacted on the public opinion and the performed for the investigation of the usability (efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction) of between two interfaces, Visual and Multimodal with opinion classification.

11 Chapter 5: Main Trial Phase 3: An Investigation of the Role of the AVATAR

Technique in the Improvement of the Impactability of Public Opinion on Social Media – discusses the third experiment performed for the further investigation of the interaction between specific combinations of facial expressions measuring the impacted on the public opinion and usability aspects.

Chapter 6: Empirical Guidelines for employing Multimodal and AVATAR metaphors in

E-ARCS –evaluates the proposed experimental platforms, as well as their impact on public opinion and the usability aspects, and suggests a series of empirically derived guidelines for the use of human-like avatars that incorporate facial expressions in e-journalism and social media applications such as Facebook and Twitter.

APPENDIX A –Initial Survey presents the questionnaire given to the users (Appendix

A-1) to get a first view of what are the main issues which the commenter encountered in the interactivities field within an e-journalism and social media interfaceas well as how users perceive a textual interface compared to a classification and multimedia one, for the initial survey in Chapter 3.

APPENDIX B – Scenarios Experiments present the questionnaire given to the

users (Appendix B-1) to measure the usability aspect of the proposed interfaces (TARCS and CMARCS) by Scenarios of the Four Common Tasks in Chapter 3. It provides the questionnaire of two experiments two and three by Scenarios of the Six Common Tasks used in the proposed interfaces VARCS, MMARCS and AVARCS (Appendix B-2) in Chapter 4 and 5.

12 APPENDIX C – First Experiment presents the rates given by the users(AppendixC-1) to

get the result for the Raw Data of Achievement Task Successfully, (AppendixC-2) for Raw Data of Task Completion Time, (AppendixC-3) for Raw Data of Task Mouse Click, (AppendixC-4) for Raw Data of Task Errors Rate and (AppendixC-5)Raw Data of Task Satisfaction for the first experiment took place in Chapter 3.

APPENDIX D – Second and Third Experiments present the rates given by the

users(AppendixD-1) to get their result for Raw Data of Impactability of Public Opinion , (AppendixD-2) for Raw Data of Task Satisfaction, (AppendixD-3)for the Raw Data of Achievement Task Successfully, (AppendixD-4) for Raw Data of Task Completion Time, (Appendix D -5) for Raw Data of Task Mouse Click, (Appendix D -6) for Raw Data of Task Errors Rate for the second and third experiments took place in Chapter4 and 5.

13

Chapter Two: Multimodal Interactive System for Electronic Journalism and Social Media

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the reviews and analyses the practical and theoretical research work in relative to the research carried out within this thesis. Four main sections comprised; e- journalism and social media, public opinion concept, multimodal interaction and E-ARCS. The first section outlines introductory information about e- journalism and social media definitions and history as well as benefits with limitations.

It also provides an insight into the types of environment and users underlying usability of using browsing comments in the net. Evaluation and methods of presentation for E-ARCS interfaces were provided during this section. During the next one, many different factors can impact on the general opinion of users presented with main public Opinion theories. Moreover, how the social networking sites have become a powerful force in shaping public opinion on virtually every aspect of electronic website. Also, the basic theories and fundamental of multimodal metaphors developed in this research delivered in the third section. Specifically, visual metaphors, speech and non-speech sounds in addition to avatars, covering previous research studies in order to shed light on the significance of these metaphors in enhancing user to computer interaction in a variety of problem domains. The last section however focuses on the use of multimodal interaction metaphors in e- journalism and social media interfaces and on the research studies evaluate of the previous experimental studies related with adding and retrieving comments in social media.

14