(i) 2-methyl-2-methoxypropane is treated with hydroiodic acid .
(ii) Methyl magnesium bromide is treated with CO2 and subsequently hydrolysed .
(iii) Salicylic acid is acetylated
(iv) butan-1-ol is treated with Jones reagent (v) Hex-4-ene-nitrile is treated with DIBAL-H
(vi) ethanoyl chloride is treated with diethyl cadmium .
(vii) benzene diazonium chloride treated with DMA in presence of a base . (viii) Methanamine treated with benzoyl chloride .
(ix) Propanoic acid is treated with NABH4 .
(x) 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane is treated with alcoholic KOH (xi) Cyclohexene is treated with hot acidified KMnO4 .
(xii) Cyclohehanone is treated with semicarbazide .
(xiii) Benzaldehyde is treated with Acetophenone in presence of dilute NaOH . (B) How do products differ when ethyl bromide reacts separately with (i) aq . KOH and alc. KOH (ii) KNO2 and AgNO2 (iii) KCN and AgCN
3# Write chemical test to distinguish between
(i) Formic acid and acetic acid (ii) C6H5CH2NH2 and C6H5NH2
( iii) Propanoyl chloride and Propanoic acid. (iv) Vinyl Chloride and Allyl Chloride 4# Write the mechanism of
(i) Hydration of propene to yield propanol . (ii) Ethanamine is converted into N-Ethylethanamide . (iii) 1-propoxypropane from propan-1-ol (iv) Reaction of HI with methoxy ethane
5 # Give the IUPAC Name of
(i) Methyl vinyl ketone . (ii) Benzophenone (iii) Sulphanilic caid (iv) Aspirin (v) Terepthalic acid (vi) Adipic acid (vii) Phenetole (viii) Propiophenone (ix) DDT (x) Freon
UNIT-14# BIOMOLECULES PART-I : Answer the following :
1# An optically active compound having molecular formula C6H12O6 is found in two isomeric forms(A) and (B) .When (A) and (B) are dissolved in water they show the following equilibrium: (A)--- equilibrium mixture ---(B)
[α] = 1110 52.20 19.20
(i) What are such isomers called ? (ii) Can they be called enantiomers ? Justify your answer . (iii) Draw the cyclic structure of isomer (A) .
2# An optically active amino acid (A) can exist in three forms depending on the PH of the medium.If the molecular formula of (A) is C3H7NO2 then write (i) Structure of compound (A) in aqueous medium. What are such ions called ?
(ii) In which medium will the cationic form of compound (A) exist ?
(iii) In alkaline medium, towards which electrode will the compound (A) migrate in electric field ?
3 # When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained unlike DNA ? What does this fact suggest about the structure of RNA?
4# What are reducing and non-reducing sugars ? Give two examples. .What is the structural feature characterizing reducing sugars ?
5# Write down the structures and names of the products obtained when D-Glucose is treated with (a) HI (b) Br2 Water (c) HNO3 (d) NH2OH (e) Acetic Anhydride (f) HCN (g) ammoniacal AgNO3
6# What is the significance of D and (+) in α-D(+)-glucopyranose
7 # What are the expected products hydrolysis of (i) Lactose (ii) sucrose (iii) Maltose 8# What type of bonding helps in stabilising the α-helix structure of proteins?
9#What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins?
10# The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary .
11# Enumerate the reactions of D-glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structure. 12# How do you explain the absence of aldehyde group in the pentaacetate of D-glucose?
ANSWERS TO (I)
Ans-1-(i) Anomers (ii) No, they are not enantiomers . α- and β-anomers are not mirror images of each other . They are not having non-
super imposable mirror images ( which is the conditions of showing enantiomerism)
(iii)
ANS- 2 -(i) they are called Zwitter ions
(ii) In acidic medium ,the cationic form of compound will exist
(iii) In alkaline medium , it will behave as anion and migrates towards anode in electric field
ANS- 3 - This indicates that RNA does not exist as double strand but exist as single strand.
DNA exist as double strand . The sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is complimentary to the sequence of bases on the other strand . Therefore , the quantities of four bases obtained on hydrolysis of DNA have relationships .
Since in case of RNA there is no relationship among the quantities of bases it indicates that RNA exists in the form of single strand and not double strand
ANS- 4 - Reducing Sugars:- All those carbohydrates which contain free aldehydic or ketonic groups which reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars. Eg. Glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose.
Non- Reducing Sugars :- All those carbohydrates which do not contain free aldehydic or ketonic groups cannot reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars .e.g sucrose .
These two monosaccharides are held together by a glycosidic linkage between C1 of α-glucose and C2 of β-fructose. Since the
reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond formation, sucrose is a non reducing sugar.
ANS- 5 - (a) n-hexane (b) Gluconic acid (c) Saccharic acid or glucaric acid (d) Glucose monooxime
(e) Glucose Pentaacetate (f) Glucose cyanohydrin (g) Gluconic acid
ANS- 6 - ‘D’ before the name of glucose represents the configuration whereas ‘(+)’ represents dextrorotatory nature of the molecule.
[*** It may be remembered that ‘D’ and ‘L’ have no relation with the optical activity of the compound.]
ANS-7 : (i) β-D-Galactose and β-D-Glucose (C-1 and C-4 glycosidic linkage) (ii) α- D(+)-Glucose and β-fructose (C1—C2 glycosidic linkage) (iii) α-D Glucose and α-D- Glucose (C-1 and C-4 glycosidic linkage)
Ans- 8: -Due all possible hydrogen bonds, by twisting into a right handed screw (helix) with the –NH group of
each amino acid residue hydrogen bonded to the >C= O of an adjacent turn of the helix .
Ans- 9: - During denaturation 2° and 3° structures are destroyed but 1º structure remains intact . Due to this,
globules unfold and helix get uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity
Ans- 10: Two nucleic acid chains are wound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases.
The two strands are complementary to each other because the hydrogen bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases. Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine whereas cytosine
forms hydrogen bonds with guanine.
Ans- 11 # The following experimental facts could not be explained by its open chain structure
(i) Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not give 2,4-DNP test, Schiff’s test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product with NaHSO3.
(ii). The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine indicating the absence of free —CHO group.
(iii) Glucose is found to exist in two different crystalline forms which are named as α and β-form. Ans- 12 # Pentaacetate of D-glucose does not react with hydroxylamine indicating the absence of free –CHO group .
PART-II
1. Cellulose in the form of plants is a food for cattles but not for human beings.Explain. 2. Upon heating glucose with tollen’s reagent, a shining mirror is obtained.Explain why? 3. Name a water soluble vitamin which is a powerful antioxidant.
4. Except for B12, all other vitamins of this group B should be supplied regularily in diet, why?
5. Name the protein responsible for blood clotting .
6. Glucose form an oxime but glucose pentaacetate does not why? 7. Name the following
a) A water soluble vitamin
b) A vitamin which is neither water soluble nor fat soluble c) What is meant by avitaminosis?
d) Vitamin which prevent loss of hairs e) The disease caused by deficiency of B12
ANSWER KEY PART-II: UNIT 14
1. Due to absence of enzymes needed for breakdown of glucose in human beings. 2. CHO COOH
│ │
(CHOH) 4 + 2[Ag(NH3) 2]OH → (CHOH) 4 + 2Ag +4NH3 + 2H2O
│ │ CH2OH CH4OH
3. Vitamin C
4. Because it can be stored in liver while others could not. 5. Fibrinogen
6. Due to absence of free aldehyde group on glucose pentaacetate. 7. a) Vitamin B or C
b) Vitamin H
c) Deficiency of more than one vitamin in human body d) Vitamin H (Biotin)
UNIT-15: POLYMERS Q.I# Answer the following:
(1) How double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity ? (2) Write the free radical mechanism for the polymerization of ethene
(3) Write the name and structure of one of the common initiators used in free radical addition polymerisation. (4) Is ( NH-CHR-CO )n, a homopolymer or copolymer?
(5) Explain the term copolymerisation and give two examples.
(6) Discuss the main purpose of vulcanisation of rubber. Or Mention advantages of Vulcanised rubber over natural rubber . OR , How does vulcanization change the character of natural rubber ?
(7) Can a copolymer be formed in both addition and condensation polymerization ? Explain with examples. (8) What are biodegradable polymers?Give two examples.
(9)(a) What is the role of Benzoyl peroxide in polymerization of ethane .(b)How do you explain the functionality of a monomer (10) What are LDPE and HDPE ? How are they prepared
11). Give two examples of biodegradable polymers. 12). What is plastisizer?
13).. What is the commercial name of PMMA? What is its use?
14).the monomers for the following a) Teflon b) Cellulose c) Neoprene d) Polythene 16)What is the main constituent of bubble gum?
17) Why are the numbers 66 and 6 put in the names of nylon66 and nylon 6?
Q.II # Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of Intermolecular Forces ?
(a) Nylon-66 , Buna-S , Polythene (b) Polyisoprene , PTFE , Decron (c) Nylon-6 , PVC , Neoprene