SUBPART I Performance Limitations
SUBPART N Training Program
121. 400 Applicability and terms used
(a) This subpart prescribes the requirements applicable to each certificate holder for establishing and maintaining a training program for crewmembers, aircraft dispatchers, other operations personnel, and for the approval and use of training devices in the conduct of the program.
(b) For the purpose of this subpart, aircraft groups are as follows:
The aircraft are divided into four groups:
(1) Group (I):
All single engine aircraft of which the maximum total weight does not exceed 5700 kg's (12500 lbs).
(2) Group (II):
All aircraft having two or more engines of which the maximum total weight authorized does not exceed 5700 kg's (12500 lbs).
(3) Group (IIIP):
All aircraft of which the maximum total weight authorized exceeds 5700 kg's (12,500 lbs) that are propeller or turbo-propeller driven including reciprocating and turbo-propeller powered; and
(4) Group (IIIJ):
All aircraft of which the maximum total weight authorized exceeds 5700 kg’s (12,500 lbs) and the aircraft are turbo-jet powered.
(c) For the purpose of this subpart, the terms and definitions listed in the Pilot Experience and Training Standards (ECATSH) will apply,in addition to the following terms and definitions apply:
(1) Initial training. The training required for crewmembers and dispatchers who have not qualified and served in the same capacity on another airplane of the same group.
(2) Transition training. The training required for crewmembers and dispatchers who have qualified and served in the same capacity on another airplane of the same group.
(3) Upgrade training. The training required for crewmembers who have qualified and served as second in command or flight engineer on a particular airplane type, before they serve as pilot in command or second in command, respectively, on that airplane.
(4) Differences training. The training required for crewmembers and dispatchers who have qualified and served on a particular type airplane, when the Administrator finds differences training is necessary before a crewmember serves in the same capacity on a particular variation of that airplane.
(5) Programmed hours. The hours of training prescribed in this subpart which may be reduced by the Administrator upon a showing by the certificate holder that circumstances justify a lesser amount.
(6) Inflight. Refers to maneuvers, procedures, or functions that must be conducted in the airplane.
(7) Training center. An organization governed by the applicable requirements of part 142 of this chapter that provides training, testing, and checking under contract or other arrangement to certificate holders subject to the requirements of this part.
(8) Requalification training. The training required for crewmembers previously trained and qualified, but who have become unqualified due to not having met within the required period the recurrent training requirements of 121.427 or the proficiency check requirements of 121.441.
(9) Related aircraft. Any two or more aircraft of the same make with either the same or different type certificates that have been demonstrated and determined by the Administrator to have commonality to the extent that credit between those aircraft may be applied for flightcrew member training, checking, recent experience, operating experience, operating cycles, and line operating flight time for consolidation of knowledge and skills.
(10) Related aircraft differences training. The flightcrew member training required for aircraft with different type certificates that have been designated as related by the Administrator.
(11) Base aircraft. An aircraft identified by a certificate holder for use as a reference to compare differences with another aircraft.
121.401 Training program: General (a) Each certificate holder shall:
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(1) Establish, obtain the appropriate initial and final approval of, and provide, a training program that meets the requirements of this subpart and appendices E and F of this part that ensures that each crewmember,aircraft dispatcher, flight instructor and check airman, is adequately trained to perform his or her assigned duties;
(2) Provide adequate ground and flight training facilities and properly qualified ground instructors for the training required by this subpart;
(3) Provide and keep current with respect to each aircraft type and, if applicable, particular variations within that aircraft type, appropriate training material, examinations, forms, instructions, and procedures for use in conducting the training and checks required by this Part; and
(4) Provide enough flight instructors, simulator instructors, and approved check airmen to conduct required flight training and flight checks, and simulator training courses permitted under this Part.
(b) A crewmember or aircraft dispatcher required to complete recurrent training must complete the check or the training in the calendar month before or after the calendar month in which that training or check is required, he is considered to have taken or completed it in the calendar month in which it was required.
(c) Each approved check airman, instructor or examiner who is responsible for a particular ground training subject, segment of flight training, course of training subject, course of training, flight check, or competence check under this Part shall certify as to the proficiency and knowledge of the crewmember, flight instructor, or dispatcher upon completion of that training or check.
That certification shall be made a part of that person’s official training record. When the certification required by this paragraph is made by an entry in a computerized record keeping system, the certifying approved check airman, instructor or examiner must be identified with that entry by a method approved by the ECAA. However, the signature of the certifying approved check airman, instructor or examiner is required for all other record keeping systems.
(d) Training subjects that are applicable to more than one aircraft or crewmember position and that have been satisfactorily completed in prior training for another aircraft or another crewmember position, need not be repeated during subsequent training other than recurrent training.
(e) A person who progresses successfully through flight training, is recommended by his instructor or a check airman, and successfully completes the appropriate flight check for a designated examiner or check airman, need not complete the programmed hours of flight training for the particular aircraft, provided this reduction in training is applied for and approved by the ECAA.
(f) Flight crew member training programmers (Helicopter)
An operator shall establish and maintain a ground and flight training programme, approved by the ECAA., which ensures that all flight crew members are adequately trained to perform their assigned duties. The trainingprogramme shall:
(1) Include ground and flight training facilities and properly qualified instructors as determined by ECAA;
(2) Consist of ground and flight training for the type(s) of helicopter on which the flight crew member serves;
(3) Include proper flight crew coordination and training for all types of emergency and abnormal situations or procedures caused by power plant, transmission, rotor, airframe or systems malfunctions, fire or other abnormalities;
(4) Include training in knowledge and skills related to the visual and instrument flight procedures for the intended area of operation, human performance and threat and error management, the transport of dangerous goods and, where applicable, procedures specific to the environment in which the helicopter is to be operated;
(5) Ensure that all flight crew members know the functions for which they are responsible and the relation of these functions to the functions of other crew members, particularly in regard to abnormal or emergency procedures; and
(6) Be given on a recurrent basis, as determined by ECAA and shall include an assessment of competence.
Note 1.— The in-flight simulation of emergency or abnormal situations when passengers or cargo are being carried is prohibited.
Note 2.— Flight training may, to the extent deemed appropriate by ECAA, be given in flight simulation training devices approved by the ECAA for that purpose.
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Note 3.— The scope of the recurrent training may be varied and need not be as extensive as the initial training given in a particular type of helicopter.
Note 4.— The use of correspondence courses and written examinations as well as other means may, to the extent deemed feasible by the ECAA, be utilized in meeting the requirements for periodic ground training.
121.402 Training program: Special rules
(a) Other than the certificate holder, only another certificate holder certificated under this part or a training center certificated under Part 142 is eligible under this subpart to provide flight training, testing, and checking under contract or other arrangement to those persons subject to the requirements of this subpart.
(b) A certificate holder may contract with, or otherwise arrange to use the services of, a training center certificated under Part 142 to provide training, testing, and checking required by this Part only if the training center:
(1) Holds applicable training specifications issued under Part 142;
(2) Has facilities, training equipment, and courseware meeting the applicable requirements of Part 142;
(3) Has approved curriculums, curriculum segments, and portions of curriculum segments applicable for use in training courses required by this subpart; and
(4) Has sufficient approved check airmen, instructors and examiners qualified under the applicable requirements of Part 121.411 or 121.413, to provide training, testing, and checking to persons subject to the requirements of this subpart.
121.403 Training program: Curriculum
(a) Each certificate holder must prepare and maintain current an approved training program curriculum for each type of aircraft with respect to dispatchers and each crewmember required for that type aircraft. The curriculum must include all ground and flight training required by this subpart.
(b) Each approved training program curriculum must include:
(1) A list of principal ground training subjects, including emergency training subjects and training in human factors for all crew members and dispatchers including appropriate resource management training required;
(2) A list of all the training devices, mockups, systems trainers, procedures trainers, or other training aids that the certificate holder will use;
(3) Detailed descriptions or pictorial displays of the approved normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers, procedures and functions that will be performed during each flight training phase or flight check, indicating those maneuvers, procedures and functions that are to be performed during the in-flight portions of flight training and flight checks;
(4) A list of aircraft simulators or other training devices approved under 121.407, including approvals for the training programs to be conducted in the simulators/training devices and for any other particular maneuvers, procedures, or functions; and
(5) The approved programmed hours of training that will be applied to each phase of training.
Note: Refer to EAC 00-10 for human factor minimum requirements.
121.404 Crew and dispatcher resource management training
No certificate holder may use a person as a flight crewmember, and no certificate holder may use a person as a cabin crew or aircraft dispatcher unless that person has completed approved crew resource management (CRM) or dispatcher resource management (DRM) initial training, as applicable, with that certificate holder or with another certificate holder.
121.405 Training program and revision: Initial and final approval
(a) To obtain initial and final approval of a training program, or a revision to an approved training program, each certificate holder must submit to the ECAA:
(1) An outline of the proposed program or revision, including an outline of the proposed or revised curriculum, that provides enough information for a preliminary evaluation of the proposed training program or revised training program; and
(2) Additional relevant information as may be requested by the ECAA.
(b) If the proposed training program or revision complies with this subpart the ECAA grants initial approval in writing after which the certificate holder may conduct the training in accordance
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with that program. The ECAA then evaluates the effectiveness of the training program and advises the certificate holder of deficiencies, if any, that must be corrected.
(c) The ECAA grants final approval of the training program or revision if the certificate holder shows that the training conducted under the initial approval set forth in paragraph (b) of this section ensures that each person that successfully completes the training is adequately trained to perform his assigned duties.
(d) In granting initial and final approval of training programs or revisions, including reductions in programmed hours specified in this subpart, the ECAA considers the training aids, devices, methods, and procedures listed in the certificate holder's approved training program as set forth in 121.403 that enhance the quality and effectiveness of the training process.
121.406 In-flight simulation of emergencies
Emergency and abnormal situations will not be simulated during flight when passengers or cargo are on-board the aircraft.
121.407 Training program: Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices
(a) Each aircraft simulator and other training device that is used in a training course permitted under this subpart, or in checks required under subpart O of this Part or as required in appendices E and F to this Part must:
(1) Be specifically approved for:
(i) The certificate holder;
(ii) The type aircraft and, if applicable, the particular variation within type, for which the training or check is being conducted; and
(iii) The particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember function involved.
(2) Maintain the performance, functional, and other characteristics that are required for approval;
(3) Be modified to conform with any modification to the aircraft being simulated that results in changes to performance, functional, or other characteristics required for approval;
(4) Be given a daily functional preflight check before being used; and
(5) Have a daily discrepancy log kept with each discrepancy entered in that log by the appropriate instructor or check airman at the end of each training or check flight.
(b) A particular aircraft simulator or other training device may be approved for use by more than one certificate holder.
(c) An aircraft simulator may be used instead of the aircraft to satisfy the in-flight requirements of 121.439, and121.441 and appendices E and F of this Part, if the simulator:
(1) Is approved under this section and meets the appropriate simulator requirements of appendix H and EAC 121-1 of this Part; and
(2) Is used as part of an approved program that meets the training requirements of this subpart and appendix H of this Part.
(d) An aircrfat simulator approved under this section must be used instead of the aircraft to satisfy the pilot flight training requirements prescribed in the certificate holder's approved low altitude windshear flight training program set forth in 121.409 (d) of this part.
(e) An aircraft simulator approved under this section must be used instead of the aircraft to satisfy the pilot flight training requirements prescribed in the extended envelope training set forth in 121.423 of this part. Compliance with this paragraph is required no later than March 12, 2019.
121.408 Training equipment other than flight simulation training devices.
(a) The ECAA must approve training equipment used in a training program approved under this part and that functionally replicates aircraft equipment for the certificate holder and the crewmember duty or procedure.
(b) The certificate holder must demonstrate that the training equipment described in paragraph (a) of this section, used to meet the training requirements of this subpart, meets all of the following:
(1) The form, fit, function, and weight, as appropriate, of the aircraft equipment.
(2) Replicates the normal operation (and abnormal and emergency operation, if appropriate) of the aircraft equipment including the following:
(i) The required force, actions and travel of the aircraft equipment.
(ii) Variations in aircraft equipment operated by the certificate holder, if applicable.
(3) Replicates the operation of the aircraft equipment under adverse conditions, if appropriate.
(c) Training equipment must be modified to ensure that it maintains the performance and function of the aircraft type or aircraft equipment replicated.
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(d) All training equipment must have a record of discrepancies. The documenting system must be readily available for review by each instructor, check airman or supervisor, prior to conducting training or checking with that equipment.
(1) Each instructor, check airman or supervisor conducting training or checking, and each person conducting an inspection of the equipment who discovers a discrepancy, including any missing, malfunctioning or inoperative components, must record a description of that discrepancy and the date that the discrepancy was identified.
(2) All corrections to discrepancies must be recorded when the corrections are made. This record must include the date of the correction.
(3) A record of a discrepancy must be maintained for at least 60 days.
(e) No person may use, allow the use of, or offer the use of training equipment with a missing, malfunctioning, or inoperative component to meet the crewmember training or checking requirements of this chapter for tasks that require the use of the correctly operating component.
(f) Compliance with this section is required no later than March 12, 2019.
121.409 Training courses using aircraft simulators and other training devices
(a) Training courses utilizing aircraft simulators and other training devices may be included in the certificate holder's approved training program for use as provided in this section.
(b) A course of training in an aircraft simulator may be included for use as provided in 121.441 of this Part if that course:
(1) For helicopters provides at least 2 hours of training at the pilot controls (pilot flying) of an aircraft simulator as well as a proper briefing before and after the training;
(2) For airplanes provides at least 4 hours of training at the pilot controls (pilot flying) of an aircraft simulator as well as a proper briefing before and after the training;
(3) Provides training and a proficiency check in at least the following:- (i) The procedures and maneuvers set forth in appendix F of this Part; or (ii) Line-oriented flight training (LOFT) that—
(A) Before March 12, 2019,
(1) Utilizes a complete flight crew;
(2) Includes at least the maneuvers and procedures (abnormal and emergency) that may be expected in line operations; and
(3) Is representative of the flight segment appropriate to the operations being conducted by the certificate holder.
(B) Beginning on March 12, 2019—
(1) Utilizes a complete flight crew;
(2) Includes at least the maneuvers and procedures (abnormal and emergency) that may be expected in line operations;
(3) Includes scenario-based or maneuver-based stall prevention training before, during or after the LOFT scenario for each pilot;
(4) Is representative of two flight segments appropriate to the operations being conducted by the certificate holder; and
(5) Provides an opportunity to demonstrate workload management and pilot monitoring skills.
(4) Is given by at least an instructor who meets the applicable requirements of 121.412.
The satisfactory completion of the course of training must be certified by either the ECAA or a qualified check airman.
(c) The programmed hours of flight training set forth in this subpart do not apply if the training program for the airplane type includes:
(1) A course of pilot training in an airplane simulator as provided in 121.424 (d); or
(2) A course of flight engineer training in an airplane simulator or other training device as provided in 121.425 (c).
(d) Each certificate holder required to comply with the requirements of 121.358 this part must use an approved simulator for each aircraft type in each of its pilot training courses that provides training in at least the procedures and maneuvers set forth in the certificate holder's approved low-altitude windshear flight training program. The approved low-altitude windshear flight training, if applicable, must be included in each of the pilot flight training courses prescribed in 121.409(b) 121.418, 121.424, and 121.427 of this subpart.
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121.410 Training requirements for the use of head-up displays (HUD) and enhanced vision systems (EVS)
Refer to ECAR Part 91Appendix K for instructions and training requirements for the use of head-up displays (HUD) and enhanced vision systems (EVS) equipment as applicable.
121.411 Qualifications: Check airmen (aircraft) and check airmen (simulator).
(a) For the purposes of this section and 121.413:
(1) A check airman (aircraft) is a person who is qualified, and permitted, to conduct flight checks or instruction in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device for a particular type aircraft.
(2) A check airman (simulator) is a person who is qualified to conduct flight checks or instruction, but only in a flight simulator or in a flight training device for a particular type aircraft.
(3) Check airmen (aircraft) and check airmen (simulator) are those check airmen who perform the functions described in 121.401(a)(4).
(b) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a check airman (aircraft) in a training program established under this subpart unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person:
(1) Holds the licenses and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command or flight engineer, as
(1) Holds the licenses and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command or flight engineer, as