CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 120
6.2 Suggestions and Recommendations 122
The potential scope for silicon nanowire anodes is great in doubling or even tripling capacities for current rechargeable lithium-ion batteries considering conventional cathodes and electrolytes; however, there are far more work to be done in the future to explore both the chemical and mechanical aspects of silicon anodes to develop lithium rechargeable batteries with high capacity and long cycle life. Based on the outcome of this study, the following issues should be addressed in the future:
First of all, mechanical integrity for composite anodes has significant impact on capacity retentions for prolonged cycles. Several approaches can be applied to improve mechanical integrity or adhesion within the anode matrix as well as between anodes and current collectors:
1. Preparation techniques: Capacity retention and cycle ability for silicon nanowire composite anodes can be greatly improved by applied advanced anode preparation tools and techniques. Advanced doctor blade system, for example, can create composite anodes as ultra thin film (< 100 µm) uniformly on current collectors.
2. Binders: Advanced binders can be applied in the composite anode matrix. Conventional PVdF binder was used in this work for silicon nanowire composite anodes. For example, CMC binders can be considered to replace PVdF to improve adhesion among anode components to create a more resilient matrix, and maintain anode integrity by accommodating reversible volume change after prolonged cycles.
3. Electrolytes: Coupling agent additive other than alkoxy silane used in this work can be introduced into electrolyte to create a mechanically strong SEI to cover the anode surfaces as well as maintain anode integrity. Trimethoxymethylsilane has resulted in over
75 % increase in silicon nanowire composite anodes capacities for the formation of cross- link Si-O-Si in the SEI layer. Therefore, other coupling agent or film forming agent, which may also create cross-link in the SEI, can be applied in electrolytes to improve capacity retention.
In addition, low resistance nickel silicides created by thermal annealing between silicon nanowire and metallic nickel may be applied in novel silicon nanowire anodes in future studies. Electrical conduction among anode matrix as well as between anodes and current collectors is of great importance for prolonged cycles. Formation of NiSi between silicon nanowires and nickel current collector might be helpful in developing binder-free silicon only anodes with improved conductivity compared to nanowire composite anodes.
Finally, silicon nanowires may be replaced with silicon nanoparticles in composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Silicon nanowire arrays on parent wafer are not able to undergo reversible lithium insertion and extraction and are not proper anodes for lithium-ion battery applications. Silicon nanowire arrays on parent substrates are adopted in this work only to study the effects of surface functionalization on anode performance by cyclicvoltammetry and material characterizations. Silicon nanowire arrays on parent substrate can be easily connected to an external bias, and are preferable for electrochemical grafting and other surface functionalizations compared to loose silicon micro or nanoparticles. Silicon nanowires are applied a starting point for silicon anodes for lithium rechargeable battery systems, and for future scale-up industrial battery fabrications, silicon fine particles may be applied to replace relatively expensive silicon nanowires.
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