Further research can be carried out in the following areas;
I. Assessing the effect of mulching on soil hydro-physical properties with emphasis on quantifying (in terms of weight) mulching materials
II. Comparing the effects of mulching on soil physical and chemical properties under different land use systems
REFERENCES
Achan, P. L. (2002). Biophysical and socio-economic factors affecting soil and water conservation practices in a banana based micro-catchment of the Lake Victoria Basin Uganda. M.Sc. Thesis, Makerere University.
Akalu, T., de Graaff, J. Kassie, M., and Stroosnijder, L., (2012). Role of institutional and socio-economic factors on adoption, dis-adoption and non- adoption of soil and water conservation technologies: Empirical evidence from the North Western Ethiopia highlands.
Aklilu, A., and J. de Graaff. (2006). Determinants of adoption and continued use of stone terraces for soil and water conservation in an Ethiopian highland watershed.
Ecological Economics 61: 2 9 4 – 3 0 2.
Alufah, S., Shisanya, C. and Obando, J. (2012). Analysis of Factors Influencing Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Technologies in Ngaciuma Sub-Catchment, Kenya. African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (5): 172-185.
Amsalu, A. and de Graaff, J. (2007 .“Determinants of Adoption and Continued Use of Stone Terraces for Soil and Water Conservation in an Ethiopian Highland Watershed”. In: Journal of Ecological Economics,6(12), 294-302.
Amsalu, A. and de Graaff, J. (2006 .“Determinants of Adoption and Continued Use of Stone Terraces for Soil and Water Conservation in an Ethiopian Highland Watershed”. In: Journal of Ecological Economics 20: 30-45. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com.
Arnold, M., Garry,.V.M. and Donita L. B. (2005). Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica) and Bougainvillea goldenraintree (koelreuteria bipinnata). Journal of Arboriculture 31:163-170.
Bagamba, F., Burger, K., and Tushemereirwe. (2010). Banana (Musa spp) Production Characteristics and Performance in Uganda; Acta Horticulturae. 879: 187-198. Bananuka,. J., A. and PR Rubaihayo, P. R. (1994). Banana management practices and performance in Uganda. African crop science conference proceedings.
Barungi, D., Ng‟ong‟ola, H., Edriss, A., Mugisha,J., Waithaka,M. and Tukahirwa, J. (2013). Factors Influencing the Adoption of Soil Erosion Control Technologies by Farmers along the Slopes of Mt. Elgon in Eastern Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Development 6: 9-22.
Bekele,W. and Drake,L. (2003). Soil and Water conservation decisions behaviour of subsistence farmers in the eastern highlands of Ethiopia: A case study of Hunde-Lafto area. Ecological Economics 46:437-451.
Bekele, S. (1998). Peasant Agriculture and Sustainable Land Use in Ethiopia: Economic Analysis of Constraints and Incentives for Soil Conservation. PhD Thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, Oslo, Norway.
Bett, C. (2004). Farm Adoption Decisions of Soil and Water Management Techniques in Semi-Arid Eastern Kenya. A Paper Presented at the 48th Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. Melbourne, 11th-13th February, 2004, Australia, 30 pp.
Blake, G.R. and Hartge, H. (1986). Bulk density. Methods of soil analysis, part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. A klute (ed). Agro-science journal Madison 101 USA: 365 -375.
Chakraborty, D., Nagarajan,S., Aggarwal,P., Gupta,V.K, Tomar R.K., R.N. Garg , R.K, Sahoo,R.N, A. Sarkar, A., Chopra,U.K, and Sarma,K.S. (2008). Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi-arid environment: Agricultural water management 95: 1323- 1334.
Chaudhari, R., Ahire,V.,Vidya,D.,Chkravarty, M., and Maity, S. (2013). Soil Bulk Density as related to Soil Texture, Organic Matter Content and available total Nutrients of Coimbatore Soil; International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3: 123-131.
Chilot, Y. and Hassan, R. (2013) Determinants of inorganic fertilizer use in the mixed crop-livestock farming systems of central highlands of Ethiopia. African Crop science Journal, 21: 669-681.
Chiroma, A.,Folorunso, O., and Alhassan, A. (2004). Effects of Land Configuration and Wood shavings Mulch on pore size Distribution and water retention properties of an Ustipsamment in North east Nigeria; Nigerian Journal of soil and Environmental research 5: 14-22.
Dadi,L., Burton,M. and Ozanne,A. (2001). Adoption and intensity of fertilizer and herbicide use in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Agrekon 40(3):316-333.
Dec, D.,Dornerl, J.,Becker-Fazekas, O and Horn, R. (2008). Effect of bulk density on hydraulic properties of homogenized and structured soils; R.C.Suelo Nutrition and Vegetation 8: 1-13.
De Graaff, J., Aklilu, A., Bodnar, F., Kessler, A., Posthumus, H., Tenge, A. (2008). Adoption of soil and water conservation measures. Applied Geography, In press, doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.05.001.
Diagne, A. and Zeller, M. (2001). Access to Credit and its Impact on Welfare in Malawi. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C., USA.
Diaz, F., C.C. Jimenez and M. Tejedor. (2005). Influence of the thickness and grain size of tephra mulch on soil water evaporation. Agricultural Water Management 74: 47-55.
Directorate of Water Development (DWD), Ministry of water and Environment, (2010).
Donk, .S., Lindgren, T., Schaaf .M, Petersen. L, and Tarkalson, D. (2011). Wood chip mulch thickness effects on soil water, soil temperature, weed growth and landscape plant growth; Journal of Applied Horticulture 13: 91-95.
Dobos, E., CarreF.,Hengl, T., Reuter,I. and Toth,G., (2006). Digital Soil Mapping as a support to production of functional maps. EUR 22123 EN. Office for official Publications of the European Communities ,Luxemburg,68 pp.
Doss, C. R. and Morris, M. L. (2001 . “How does Gender affect Adoption of Agricultural Innovation? The Case of Improved Maize Technology in Ghana”.
Journal of Agricultural Economics, 25, pp 27-39.
Ertiro, H. (2006). Adoption of Physical Soil and Water Conservation Structures I Anna Watershed, Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. M. A. Thesis, Regional and Local Developmemt, School of Graduate Studies, University of Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 128 pp.
Field, M., Ecology, C., and Guide, O. A. (1998). Inherent Factors Affecting Bulk Density and Available Water Capacity, 1–9.
Fungo, B., Tenywa M., Majaliwa, J., Kuule, M., and Kamugisha, R. (2011). Use of soil conservation practices in the South western highlands of Uganda; Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management 3: 250–259.
Gebremedhin, B. (2004). Economic incentives for soil conservation in the East African countries. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A paper presented at ISCO - 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference – Brisbane. Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions.
Granatstein, D. and K. Mullinix. (2008). Mulching options for northwest organic and conventional orchards. HortScience 43: 45-50
Gülser, C., and Candemir, F. (2014). Using soil moisture constants and physical properties to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity, 3, 77–81.
Hall,B., and Khan, B. (2002) Adoption of new Technology (Un published).
Heathcote, I. W. (1998). Integrated Watershed Management: Principles and Practices. Wiley, New York, 43 pp.
Hutcheson, G., and Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Israel, G. D. (2012) Determining sample size. Programme Evaluation and Organization Development, IFAS, University of Florida. PEOD-6.
Kaliisa, R. (2011). Factors Influencing Adoption and Use of Soil and Water Conservation Measures in Bufundi Sub- Catchment, Kabale district, Uganda. Master thesis, Kenyatta University. (Unpublished) Nairobi, Kenya.
Kaumbutho, P., Mwalley, J., Nzabi, A. W., Temesgen, M., & Mawenya, L. (2008). Soil & Tillage Research Conservation farming strategies in East and Southern Africa : Yields and rain water productivity from on-farm action research, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.still.2008.09.013.
Keil, A. (2001). Adoption of Leguminous Tree Fallows in Zambia. Discussion Paper No. 33, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Kemper, W.D., and Rosenau, R.C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution. In; Methods of soil analysis part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods Agronomy monography No.9. Soil science society of America Inc. Madison Wisconsin USA 425- 442.
Kessler, M. (2006 . “Decisive Key-factors Farm Households‟ Soil and Water Conservation Investment”. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 65: 95-102.
Kimmins, J.P. (1997). Forest Ecology. A Foundation for Sustainable Management. 2nd Edition.New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall.
Koskey, P. K. (2005 . „„The Use of Indigenous Knowledge and Cultural Values in Sustainable Mangement of Soil Resources in headwater areas by the Kipsigis Community of Kericho District, Kenya‟‟ In: Prasad, H., Abate, K., and Ondieki, C. M. (eds.), Sustainable Water Resources Management: Research from Africa and India. Varanasi, Tera Book Agency, India, 223-249.
Kyazze, F.B., Kristjanson P. (2011). Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Rakai District, South Central Uganda. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys.
Lal, R. (1995). The role of residue management in sustainable agricultural systems, The Haworth Press Inc., Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 5: 79-93.
Lal, R. (2000). Mulching effects on soil physical quality of an alfisol in western Nigeria. Land degradation and development 11: 383-392, John Willey and Sons Ltd Lal, R. (2007). Farming carbon. Soil and Tillage Research 96: 1–5.
Lal, R., Safriel, U and Boer, B. (2012). Zero Net Land Degradation: A New Sustainable Development Goal for Rio+ 20. A report prepared for the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/secretariat/2012/Zero%20Net%20L and%20Degradation%20Report%20UNCCD%20May%202012%20background.pdf.
Long, L. (2003). Conservation Practices Adoption by Agricultural Land Owners. PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Northern Illinois University. Delealb, Illinois, United States of America.
Ma, K., Ma, R., Eltaj., .H., Majumder , D. and Manmood, S. (2011). Effects of Tillage and different thickness of water Hyacinth Mulch; J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources 4: 19-26.
MacCallum, R.C., Widaman, K.F., Preacher, K., & Hong, S. ( 2001). Sample size in factor analysis: The role of model error . Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 611-
637.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
Majaliwa, J.G.M, Magunda, M.K, Tenywa, M.M and Musitwa. (2012). Soil and nutrient losses from major agricultural land-use practices in the Lake Victoria basin Rakai District LVEMP, Technical report, NARO-Kawanda, Uganda. URI: http://library.lvbcom.org:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/77.
Majaliwa, J.G.M., Twongyirwe, R., Nyenje, R., Oluka, M., Ongom, B., Sirike, J., Mfitumukiza, D., Azanga, E., Natumanya, R., Mwerera, R., and Barasa, B. (2010) The Effect of Land Cover Change on Soil Properties around Kibaale National Park in SouthWestern Uganda. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2010, Article ID 185689, doi:10.1155/2010/185689.
Majaliwa, J.G.M. (1998). Effect of vegetation cover and biomass development on soil loss from Corn based cropping systems. M.Sc Thesis Makerere University, unpublished.
Majaliwa, J.G.M. (1998). Soil erosion from major agricultural land use types and associated pollution loading in selected Lake Victoria micro-catchments.PHD Thesis Makerere University, Published.
Makki, Y., Hussain, G., Helweg, O., and Alvarado, W. (1987). The Effects of Palm Leaf Mulch to Conserve Soil Moisture.Agriculture Water Management 6: 359-364. Makokha, S., S. Kimani, W. Mwangi, H. Verkuijl, and F. Musembi. (2001). Determinants of Fertilizer and Manure Use in Maize Production in Kiambu District, Kenya. Mexico, D.F.: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI).
Mathews, C.R., Bottell, D.G. and M.W. Brown (2002). A comparison of conventional and alternative understory management practices for apple production: multi-trophic effect. Applied Soil Ecology 21: 221-231.
Mazvimavi, K, and Twomlow, S. (2009). Socioeconomic and institutional factors influencing adoption of conservation farming by vulnerable households in Zimbabwe.
Agricultural System 101: 20–29.
Mohanty, B., Kanwar., and Everts, .C.J ( 1994). Comparison of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement Methods for a Glacial-Till Soil; Soil Science Society of
America Journal 58: 672-677.
Mugenda, O. M., and Mugenda, A. G. (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. ACTS Press, Nairobi, Kenya.
Mugonola, B., Deckers, J., Poesen, J., Isabirye, M., and Mathijs, E. (2012). Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Technologies in Rwizi catchment of south western Uganda; International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 1:1-18.
Mutimba, J., and Semakula, E. (2004). Difficulties in assessing outcomes of soil and water conservation extension messages in banana based cropping systems: case study of student projects, Makerere University Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9:235-239.
Nachtergaele, F., Petri M, Biancalani, R., Van Lynden, G., and Van Velthuizen, H. (2010). Global Land Degradation Information System (GLADIS). Beta Version. An Information Database for Land Degradation Assessment at Global Level. Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands Technical Report, no. 17. FAO, Rome, Italy. Nalugoda, F., Wawerb, J., Konde-Lulec, J., Rekha Menond, R., Serwaddaa,D.,Sewankambof, N., and Chuanjin, L.(1997). HIV infection in rural households, Rakai District, Uganda; Health Transition Review, Supplement 2:7, 127- 140.
Necmiye,U.,Ahmet,K., and Ibrahim,Y. (2010) Effects of moisture content on some Physical properties of redpepper African Journal of Biotechnology 9(24), pp. 3555- 3562.
Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, AL, Miller,RH, Keeney DR (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI,USA. pp. 539-580.
Nier, R., and Upham, W. (2006). Using wood chips for mulch: yard care and the environment. Horticulture Report, Kansas State University MF-2133.
Nkonya, E. (2002). Soil conservation practices and non-agricultural land use in the south western highlands of Uganda. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 2033 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006.
Nwokocha, C., Olojede, A., Ano., and Mbagwu, J. (2007). Mulching an arenic hapludult at Umudike: Effects on saturated hydraulic conductivity and rhyizome yield of turmeric; African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 2004-2008.
Nyombi, K. (2013). Towards Sustainable Highland Banana Production in Uganda: Opportunities and Challenges. African Journal of food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13: 7544-7557.
Okalebo, J.R., Gathua, K.W., and Woomer, P.L. (2002). Labouratory Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis: A Working Manual; 2nd Edition. Sacred African Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Oku, E., and Edicha, J. (2009). The physical properties of some profiles and management of an erosion prone soil in south western Nigeria; Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Social Sciences 7: 176-192.
Okech, S., Asten, P., Gold, C., and Ssali, H. (2004) Effects of potassium deficiency, drought and weevils on banana yield and economic performance in Mbarara, Uganda.
Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 9: 511-519.
Onuh M. O. and Donald, K. M. (2009). Effects of water stress on the rooting, nodulation Potentials and growth of cowpea; Science World Journal 4: 31-34.
Pallant. J. (2011). SPSS Survival Manual, A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS 4th edition; 181-201. Allen & Unwin .Australia.
Papadopoulos, A., Mooney, S. J., Bird, N.R.A.(2006). Quantification of the effects of contrasting crops in the development of soil structure: an organic conversion. Soil Use and Management 22, 172–179.
Peron. H., and Laloui., L. (2006). An Improved Volume Measurement for Determining Soil Water Retention Curves; Geotechnical Testing Journal 30: 27-35. Petra. D. (2012) Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy toward Latin America. Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?
Latin American Perspectives: 6: 181-197.
Evaluation of Rakai District Development Programme report. (2000). (Report No.7): Andama, J.W.H.
Rhee, K. Y. and Kim, W.-B. (2004), The Adoption and Use of the Internet in South Korea. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 9: 00. doi: 10.1111/j.1083- 6101.2004.tb00299.x.
Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. New York: Free Press.
Roose, E., Barthes, B. (2001). Organic matter management for soil conservation and productivity restoration in Africa: a contribution from francophone research. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 61, 159–170.
Rubaihayo,P., Odongo, O., and Bananuka, J. (1994). Some highland banana production constraints in Masaka district of Central Uganda. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 1: 188-192.
Sakin,E.(2012) “Organic carbon organic matter and bulk density relationships in arid- semi arid soils in Southeast Anatolia region,” African Journal of Biotechnology 11(6). pp. 1373-1377.
Sakin, E. (2011) Bulk density of Harran plain soils in relation to other soil properties,” African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(7), pp. 1750- 1757.
Samiee, A., Rezvanfar, A, Faham, E. (2009). "Factors influencing the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) by wheat growers in Varamin County, Iran."
African Journal of Agricultural Research 4(5): 491-497.
Searle, J. (2005 . “What Is an Institution? Journal of Institutional Economics 1: 1–22. Serunkuma, D., Pender, J., and Nkonya, E. (2001). Land Management in Uganda: Characterization of Problems and Hypotheses about Causes and Strategies for Improvement; Project on Policies for Improved Land Management in Uganda; http://earthmind.net/slm/docs/uganda/docs/ifpri-2001-uganda-characterization.pdf.
Shangning J., and P.W. Unger. 2001. Soil water accumulation under different precipitation, potential evaporation and straw mulch conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65:442-448.
Smale,M.,Svetlana., and Karamura, D. (2006). Biodiversity of Bananas on farms in Uganda; Brief 24-2006.
Ssali C.K., and Isabirye, M. (1998). Soils and present land use of Kyotera Sub- catchment Rakai District LVEMP, Technical report No. 2, NARO-Kawanda, Uganda. Starbuck, C. (1994). Using saw dust as a soil amendment. In Starbuck C (ed). Applying research in forestry. Report no. 6 forestry division, university of Missouri press.
Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Allyn &Bacon.
Taulya, G., Asten, P., Okech, S., and Gold, C. (2006). Effect of drought on the yields of an East African highland banana (cv. Kisansa) in Uganda. Paper presented at the Soil Science Society of East Africa Conference, Masaka, Uganda.
Tenywa, M., M. Isabirye, R., Lal, A., Lufafa, P., and Achan, L. (1999). Cultural practices and production constraints in smallholder banana-based cropping systems of Uganda‟s Lake Victoria basin. African Crop Science Journal 7, 541-550.
Traorè, N., Rèjean, L. and Nabil, A. (1998 . “On-farm Adoption of Conservation Practices: The Role of Farm and Farm Characteristics, Perception and Health Hazards”. Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 19: 104-110.
Troeh, R.T.,Arthur, J.H.,and Donahue,R.L. (1999). Soil and water conservation. Productivity and environmental protection 3rd edition prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Wagayehu, B. and Lars, D. (2003 . “Soil and Water Conservation Decision of Subsistence Farmers in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia: A case study of the Hunde- Lafto”. Journal of Agricultural Economics 18:125-133.
Walczak ,R., Ostrowski, J., B. Witkowska, B., and C. Sawiñski, C. (2002). Spatial characteristic of hydro-physical properties in arable mineral soils in Poland as illustrated by field water capacity (FWC) Agrophysics16: 151-159.
Woldeamlak, B. (2003 . Land Degradation and Farmers‟ Acceptance and Adoption of Conservation Technologies in the Digil Watershed, North-western Highlands of Ethiopia. Social Science Research Report Series, No. 29. OSSERA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Worku, H., Awdenegest, M., and Fantaw, Y. (2012 . The Effects of „Fanya juu’ Soil Conservation Structure on Selected Soil Physical & Chemical Properties: the Case of Goromti Watershed, Western Ethiopia; Resources and Environment 2: 132-140. Wortman, C.S., C.A. Shapiro, and D.D. Tarkalson. (2006). Composting Manure and Other Organic Residues. NebGuide G1315. Available at http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=567. [w 1.19.11].
Yatich, T. T.B. (2005 . “The Role of Communities in the Management of Headwater Resources: The Case of Kadjiado Central and Magadi Divisions with Special Reference to Gender Balance Kenya.‟‟ In: Prasad, H., Abate, K., and Ondieki, C. M. (eds.), Sustainable Water Resources Management: Research from Africa and India. Varanasi, Tera Book Agency, India, 125-145.
Yirga,C. and Hassan,R. (2008 . Multinomial logit analysis of farmers‟ choice between short and long term soil fertility management practices in the central Highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiopian journal of Agricultural Economics 7(1): 83-102.
Zake, Y.K., Bwaniki, D.P., and Nkwiine, C. (2000). Soil management requirements for banana production on the heavy soils around Lake Victoria in Uganda. In: Craenen, K., Ortiz, R., Karamura, E. B., & Vuylsteke. Proceedings of the International Conference on Banana and Plantain for Africa. Acta Horticurae 40, 285- 292, International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium.
Zeki, D., Oktay., Y., and Bulent, T. (2009). Water retention ratios of mulching material consisting primarily of pine bark over different soil types; Pakistan. Journal