Supplementary information for the battery under test in fig. 6.5 C&D is given, as well as on the sample discharged under constant strain (fig. 6.5 F). The change of terminal voltage as function
10-3 10-1 101 103 105 107 101 102 103 Frequency (Ω) Impedance Z' (Ω) 10-3 10-1 101 103 105 107 10-2 100 102 104 Frequency (Ω) Impedance Z'' (Ω) A B 75% p. PolyHIPE fit
Figure 8.1: Fitting results of impedance measurement of a polyHIPE membrane with 75 % porosity. A, Real part of the impedance over frequency. B, Magnitude of imaginary part of impedance over frequency. 0. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0. 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Current (A) V oltage (V)
Current (A) mounted
20% strain free-standing
A B
V
oltage (V)
Figure 8.2: Supplementary figures to strain-dependence of internal resistance measurement. A, Current and voltage as function of strain. B, Characteristic curves in the various states of the sample battery discharged under 20 % strain at 10 mA.
of strain shows continuously decreasing behaviour (fig. 8.2 A green). Interestingly, after the initial drop attributed to the clamping of the battery, the current increases up to ∼ 20 %, where it reaches a plateau of ∼ 570 mA (fig. 8.2 A blue). Fig. 8.2 B shows the characteristic curves of each state of the sample battery, before the discharge in stressed state was carried out.
The fact, that the oscillations in terminal voltage when the battery is subjected to cycling stretching, show double the frequency of the strain frequency, is highly intriguing. Careful investigation showed, that at the very beginning of the measurement the voltage follows the extension with the exact same frequency. Fig. 8.3A shows the point in time where the oscillation frequency changes.
0 20 90 110 130 150 170 1.18 1.23 1.28 Time (s) V oltage (V) 0 20 Strain (%) 610 630 650 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2 Time (s) V oltage (V) Strain (%) B
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Schematics of various battery designs and discharge behaviours. ... 5
Figure 3.1 Schematic of PolyHIPE fabrication process ... 9
Figure 3.2 Behaviour of Foams under tensile strain ... 10
Figure 4.1 The interface between electrode and electrolyte... 12
Figure 5.1 Schematic of the measurement cell. ... 17
Figure 6.1 SEM Images of PolyHIPEs. ... 19
Figure 6.2 Mechanical characterization of PolyHIPEs. ... 21
Figure 6.3 Impedance response of polyHIPE Separators. ... 22
Figure 6.4 Equivalent ciruit of electrolyte filled membrane... 24
Figure 6.5 Schematics and results of battery characterizations... 26
Figure 8.1 Fitting results of impedance measurement of a polyHIPE with 75 % porosity. ... 30
Figure 8.2 Supplementary figures to strain-dependence of internal resistance measurement. . 30
Figure 8.3 Correlation between stretching and terminal voltage. ... 31
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