Table 11: Points in the Danish BFI system (updated 2012)

Publication type Point

Level 1 Level 2

Monographs

Articles in series (journals and 6. Country studies: Denmark

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changed much over the last decade and the number of published monographs is fairly steady. Further details about actors and the publishing landscape will be given below (6.7.4).

6.7.3 OA policy landscape in Denmark

The total number of monographs published at presses and in book series in Denmark in 2016 was 343 of which only a marginal number were OA (approx.

5%). The OA policy for public research councils and foundations from 2012⁸³ signed by all the major public funders does not include monographs, nor does the National OA strategy from 2014.⁸⁴ We have found that the private funders who often support book publishing are not preoccupied with the OA agenda, although some have expressed that they are open to the idea.

None of them have reported that they specifically support OA monograph publishing. On the contrary some of the larger funds have clearly stated that they do not allow grant money to be spent on OA publishing, e.g. the Carlsberg Foundation writes in its grant FAQ:

“The Carlsberg Foundation expects the host institution to provide funding for ‘open access’.”⁸⁵

The open access policy for public research councils and foundations only addresses journal articles and is based on green OA. Journal articles are to be self-archived within six to 12 months unless the researcher has good reasons for not doing so. One good reason for non-compliance, according to the policy, is that the author has acceptance from a high impact journal that does not allow self-archiving. Both the policy for public research councils and foundations and the national OA strategy are green in the sense that no extra funding has been allocated to implement the policy.

The signatories of the open access policy for public research councils and foundations are the Innovation Fund Denmark, the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Council for Independent Research. Some of them believe – like the private funds

– that the costs of APCs and eventually BPCs should be handled by the institutions themselves. Others think that APC/BPC payments could be taken from the grant.

If monographs were to be included in the policy, the funders would generally expect monographs to be part of the same green OA strategy. However, the policy is not likely to be changed in the near future and OA monographs are not on the policy agenda currently in Denmark.

In 2014 a national OA strategy was launched. It is a green OA strategy that specifically targets journal articles and conference proceedings and explicitly excludes monographs. To monitor the implementation of the national strategy an OA Indicator⁸⁶ has been developed. The strategy aims at achieving by 2017 via digital archives – repositories – unimpeded, digital access for all to 80% of Danish peer reviewed scientific articles from Danish research institutions published in 2016 and, from 2022 onwards, unimpeded, digital access for 100% of all Danish peer reviewed scientific articles from Danish research institutions that are published from 2021 and onwards.

Footnotes

81 http://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/statistik-og-analyser/

den-bibliometriske-forskningsindikator/autoritetslister/

autoritetslisten-for-forlag-2016-2017-til-hjemmeside.pdf 82 As of autumn 2017 an extra level (Level 3) will be added to the

BFI list (as the most excellent channel).

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85 http://carlsbergfondet.dk/da/Ansoeger/Sog-Stotte/FAQ/#q23 (accessed 17-01-2017)

86 http://forskningsdatabasen.dk/en/open_access/overview (accessed 17-01-2017)

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In the 2016 Government Statement about Research and Innovation⁸⁷ the Danish minister stresses the importance of open science. The government will increase its open science initiatives with special reference to open data and research integrity. As regards OA publications the statement refers to the open access policy for public research councils and foundations and the national strategy. As we have seen, both these documents concern peer reviewed articles and conference proceedings and specifically leave out monographs. The statement equally refrains from mentioning monographs. However, this increased and explicit focus on open science may have similar effects as those in Finland, as we shall see later.

The Danish universities support the national strategy in so far as they all have varying degrees of green OA policies. Furthermore, they are members of the National Committee on Open Access which is intended to coordinate the implementation of the National Strategy on Open Access. None of the universities have hard mandates and some only recommend green OA. All the policies relate to journal articles just as the open access policy for public research councils and foundations.

The university libraries clearly support their institutions by maintaining institutional repositories, publishing platforms and by training and supporting researchers.

The publishing platforms that are hosted by the libraries are mainly OJS for journals. However, Aarhus University Library has set up an OMP platform for e-books.⁸⁸ The OMP is basically used as an open e-book repository, ie.

the publishing tools are not exploited. It mainly contains grey literature (around 150 titles). The library offers to add to the publication a DOI and ISBN and to upload the PDF on the platform.

Only one library – The University of Southern Denmark Library – has a publication fund (approx. 100,000 EUR annually) supporting APC and BPC payments for researchers of their university. The fund is very popular

among the scholars, however only for articles since no application has yet been made for monographs (BPC).

However, they support OA for monographs through membership of Knowledge Unlatched.

In Denmark there are no library presses although Aalborg University Press is working closely with the university library in fulfilling the OA policy of the university. Aalborg University Press is the only Danish university press with a clear OA monograph publishing operation.

6.7.4 OA monograph publishing landscape in Denmark

There are eight universities in Denmark. University of Copenhagen, the largest in Denmark, has no university press. DTU, the Technical University of Denmark, has a small textbook publisher affiliated (Polyteknisk forlag).

Roskilde University Press and Copenhagen Business School Press are both imprints of the textbook publisher Samfundslitteratur. Only three universities have university presses affiliated: Aalborg University Press, Aarhus University Press, and University Press of Southern Denmark. The two latter of these are the largest university presses in Denmark together with the independent scholarly publisher Museum Tusculanum Press. Each of these presses publishes between 50 and 100 new peer reviewed academic titles annually mainly in Danish and English, but occasionally in other languages too.

The Danish university presses are all organised differently in financial terms. Some get financial

contributions from their mother institutions, others seek funding elsewhere, and most apply for (in particular private) funding for each monograph to be published.

They all work on a not-for-profit basis but compete in market terms. The larger commercial publishers in the academic field, like Gyldendal, DJØF forlag and Samfundslitteratur, are mainly focused on textbook

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publishing although they occasionally publish

monographs. In addition there are a few independent, commercial but dedicated academic publishers like Vandkunstens forlag and Multivers. The latter operates an academic imprint that has an OA option. The first OA titles (a 12-volume monographic work) came out in 2016 and three new OA monographs are expected in 2017. The 2016 OA titles were funded by a private fund and published free of charge as an EPUB file with all rights reserved to the publisher.

The public research funds don’t support monograph publishing in Denmark directly. In 2007 the Danish Council for Independent Research decided that researchers should include publication costs in their research budgets. However, book manuscripts tend not to be ready for publishing before long after the end of research projects. And then the grants are often already spent. This has led to an increased pressure on private funds that still financially support monograph publishing.

Among the private funders there are no mandates for OA for monographs.

Although the Danish Council for Independent Research in the Humanities doesn’t directly fund monograph production it values the monograph highly as a scholarly genre. The monograph allows space for thorough and elaborate arguments to evolve and this is much needed especially in the humanities. According to the council there is no contradiction between this need and the digitisation of the monograph. The council also acknowledges the need for further conversations about including monographs in the open access policy for public research councils and foundations. Having experienced recent and extensive budget cuts the council does not see itself currently to be in a position to support gold OA publishing. Already the council has a rejection rate of approx. 87% (in 2015)⁸⁹ and thus wants to prioritise its money for research activities rather than publishing. Still, the applicants are allowed to

assign some grant funding for proofreading and layout although it is not entirely clear whether there is a price cap to this.

6.7.5 The future of OA monograph publishing in Denmark

Overall, OA for monographs in Denmark is not on the agenda. As we have seen, monographs are specifically left out of the national policy discussions. Authors are generally not asking for OA for monographs and private funders don’t seem to have an interest either. Libraries are only sparsely targeting the field and only very few publishers experiment with OA. As we have seen the recent development at Aalborg University is the most dedicated OA book publishing initiative and the emerging activities at Multivers may also contribute to a slow growth in the number of OA monographs in Denmark. Early experiments were performed by Museum Tusculanum Press which was part of the EU funded project OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) which is today a foundation running a platform and services for OA books. However, the experiment was terminated when the project ended since the Danish public research funding bodies did not want to support OA books. The press then also

stopped making books available OA.

Footnotes

87 http://ufm.dk/publikationer/2016/filer/forsknings-og-innovationspolitisk-redegorelse-2016.pdf

88 Open Monograph Press: https://pkp.sfu.ca/omp/

89 http://ufm.dk/publikationer/2016/tal-om-forskning-og-innovation-2015

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Yet, as long as the scholars are not being evaluated on the basis of openness criteria, and as long as OA publishing is not being foregrounded in the BFI, it does not seem likely that the scholars will be demanding OA publishing options from the Danish scholarly presses.

Therefore those presses will most certainly maintain their current business models rooted in the print age.

Several interviewees have pointed to the need for new business models if OA for monographs is going to take off in Denmark. An author side demand would put pressure on the existing publishers to change models and probably new publishing initiatives would surface as we’ve seen in other countries. However, if this development is going to be successful and turn into sustainable solutions new funding options have to be brought forward as well.

It is very hard to predict how OA for monographs will develop in Denmark simply because so little is happening at the moment. Bene vixit, qui bene latuit?

Well, it is definitely questionable if the monograph in the long run will prosper from its hidden life. Digitisation fits better with shorter text forms and this may mean that more authors will turn to publishing articles or

contributions to edited collections. Along the same lines, some authors have argued that it is faster to get BFI points through journal article or book chapter publishing than through monograph publishing.⁹⁰ Will this affect the monograph as a scholarly genre? Will it motivate authors to become digitally more visible e.g.

through OA publishing? So far there are no signs or initiatives indicating such a development in Denmark.

6.8 Country study: Finland

Key observations:

` Emerging policies on OA monographs although not yet in place

` Ongoing OA monograph publishing initiatives but at small scale

` Some funding initiatives for OA monographs are tested

6.8.1 Introduction

Open science is currently very much on the agenda in Finland. The Open Science and Research Initiative was set out in 2014 and intended to end in 2017. Many activities have been launched as part of the initiative.

Although the main focus is on data and journal articles there is clearly also some interest in monographs.

A few ongoing experiments in Finland illustrate this interest, e.g. at the Finnish Literature Society and Tampere University Press as we shall see below.

The national and research organisations’ OA mandates – which almost all universities in Finland now have – are explicit about OA for journal articles but not for monographs. However, in a press release⁹¹ the Ministry of Education and Culture recently emphasised that open science should be all inclusive and thus encompass monographs. As such this suggests that the landscape may very well change in Finland.

6.8.2 Monograph publishing landscape in Finland In terms of academic publishing Finland is characterised by a large number of small learned society publishers (approx. 140). Most of these societies publish very little, for instance one journal or one book series annually and only around 30 of the societies publish monographs.

The Federation of Finnish Learned Societies plays a significant role for the societies as it administers government subsidies for scholarly publishing activities

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and it offers a set of services for the learned societies, e.g. some distribution and sales services. In certain areas of the arts and humanities (e.g. history)

commercial publishers also play a significant role for the scholarly community. The estimated number of

monographs published in 2015 was just above 500 which includes doctoral dissertation monographs of which around 12% were published OA.

The federation allocates around one million euros of state funding for the publication-related activities of the societies. About two thirds of the funding is allocated to journals and one third to book publishers. The demand for this funding is high and not all applications are successful. The federation used to be financed by the Academy of Finland but since 2014 (since the launch of the Open Science Initiative) it is financed by the Ministry of Education and Culture. The federation has a board that specifically takes decisions about the applications.

The societies can apply for funding of all publication costs. Should they make a profit from those publication activities that have been funded by the federation, the surplus has to be paid back to the ministry. Such decisions are based on annual reports and audits.

Of the learned society publishers the Finnish Literature Society (founded in 1831) is the largest book publisher with an annual production of around 30 peer reviewed academic titles. Publishing is partly based on public subsidies, partly dependent on sales. The Finnish Literature Society is the beacon of scholarly monograph publishing in Finland although there are a few other key players on the arena as well. As we shall see in the section below on OA publishing in Finland (6.8.4) the university libraries are actively engaging in the field of monograph publishing either directly with new university press initiatives or as part-takers in collaborative funding schemes for OA monographs.

6.8.3 OA policy landscape in Finland

The Academy of Finland is the main public funder of science and scholarship in Finland with an annual budget of more than 437 million euros. The first OA recommendations were formulated by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Academy of Finland already in 2005 in the document Recommendations for the promotion of open access in scientific publishing in Finland.⁹² In July 2015 the Academy of Finland decided to turn the recommendations into a mandate that now reads:

The academy specified its mandate in May of 2017.

Now it requires that all academy-funded peer-reviewed scientific articles have to be published via open access publication channels, either gold or green.⁹⁴

Footnotes

90 Three articles at level 2 gives nine points whereas one monograph at level 2 gives eight points.

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