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an d cities, th ereb y p ro v id in g a m ix o f services o f v a ry in g o p eratin g ch aracteristics an d q u ality for th e p ub lic. T h e serio u s urb an p ublic transport crisis th at n ea rly crip p led p eo p le’s m o b ility and accessib ility in th e N igerian urb an cen tres in th e late 1980s, an d the su b seq u en t in itiatio n o f th e federal urb an tran sit p ro gram m e in 1988, resulted in the estab lish m en t o f th e state- o w n ed T ran s C ity T ran sp o rt C o m p an y fT C T C ) an d th e rail m ass tran sit sen d ee.
In th e la st few years, th e O yo S tate go vern m en t and the lo c a l g o vern m en ts in the Ibadan m etro p o litan area h av e em b arked o n an ex ten sive reh ab ilitatio n o f m ajo r ro ad s w h ic h h av e b eco m e terrib ly d am ag e d b y p o th o les and road co n stru c tio n . T h is effo rt w as co m p lem en ted , in a few ca ses, b y th e defunct P etro leu m S p ecial T ru st Fund. It is ag ain st this b ackd ro p th at th is p ap er exam in es th e situ atio n o f tran sp o rt in Ibadan o v er th e years.
R o a d tr a n s p o r t in I b a d a n R o a d s
T h e status o f Ibadan as th e cap ital o f O yo S tate, an d o n e o f the larg e st cities in sub -Sah aran A frica clearly un d ersco res th e need for a g o o d transport netw o rk, th at allo w s for effic ie n t an d effectiv e circulatio n an d lin kage o f e x istin g activity areas, w h e th e r resid en tial, co m m ercial, in d u strial, ed u catio n al, ad m in istrative, recreatio n al o r religio u s, am o n g o th ers, fo r b etter in teractio n . T h e m otivatio n to m e et th e m o b ility an d accessib ility needs o f th e residents o f Ibadan d em an ds th at su fficien t an d affo rdab le transportation is availab le. B esid es, g o o d ro ad s are v ital for stren g th en in g th e social an d eco n o m ic life o f Ibadan.
T h e urb an fo rm an d th e e x te n t o f ro a d p lan n in g in d ifferen t parts o f Ibadan c ity h a v e effe cts o n th e m o vem en t o f g o o d s and p eo p le. F or instance, m o st parts o f the lo w den sity areas o f Ik o lab a, Je ric h o , A g o d i, O n irckc, O ld B o d ija, A lalu b o sa an d Iyagan ku arc w ell-p lan n ed an d h av e g o o d ro ad s, w hich facilitate frontage access to buildings. T h e g en ero u s sp ace aro u n d bu ild in gs in th e lo w d en sity resid en tial areas h av e m ad e th e p ro b lem o f road cap acity reduction, th ro ugh o n -street p ark in g, less severe. T h e fact that a lo t o f th e rich and those th at m a tte r in so ciety resid e in th e afo rem en tio n ed areas perhaps explains w h y th e b ulk o f the ro ad s in such p laces arc tarred an d m otorablc.
T h e situ atio n o f roads in th e co re o r th e in d igen o u s areas o f B crc, O jab a, Id i A rcrc, A ycyc, O jc , E lcku ro , P o p o ycm o ja, A lckuso, L ab o , O ran yan , Itutab a,
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A b c b i and so o n is very d ifferen t. M an y bu ild in gs a rc still n o t d irectly accessib le by m o to rab lc ro ad s, in sp ite o f the recen t attem p ts b y th e state go vern m en t to o p en up a sizeab le p art o f th e in d igen o u s areas. O f co u rse, th is situ atio n h as to d o , in p art, w ith th e h isto ry o f ph ysical d ev elo p m en t o f th e area, w h ich predates th e a rriv al o f m o to r v e h ic le s.1 A c cess to m an y bu ild in gs is still th ro ugh narrow lan es an d footpaths. N everth eless, th e indigenous areas, w h en co m p ared w ith th e lo w d en sity resid en tial areas, a rc co n g ested w ith bu ild in gs an d people, p o o rly p lan n ed from co n tem p o rary to w n p lan n in g p ersp ectiv e, an d d o not en jo y a d en se n etw o rk o f m o to rab lc ro ad s.2 A s a result o f p o o r p lan n in g and h ap h azard d evelo p m en t, em ergin g resid en tial areas o n th e o u tsk irts o f Ibadan also suffer from in ad eq u ate an d p o o r ro ad d ev elo p m en t and co n n ectio n . T he affe cte d areas in clud e O lo gun cru, G bekuba, A ru lo g u n , A k o b o , O lorunda, A w o tan , A lak ia/ Iseb o , B o luw aji, A p c tc , Igbo O lo yin , O lo ju o ro , O lo risa O ko an d O n ip ep eye am o n g others.
T h e fact th at v ario u s lan d uses o r activity cen tres attract pedestrian o r v eh icu lar traffic un d ersco res th e n ee d to im p ro v e accessib ility to an d from them . In o rd e r to red u ce traffic co n gestio n , en h an ce ro ad safety an d good circu latio n , relevan t ag en cie s a t th e sta te level (h ig h w ay d iv isio n o f th e O yo S tate M in istry o f W orks an d th e n ew ly-created M in istry o f T ran sp o rt) an d local go vern m en t (w orks’ dep artm en t) h av e, in th e la st few d ecad es, carried out d ifferen t ro a d im p ro v em en t p ro gram m es in Ib ad an , th ro ugh direct lab o u r o r ro ad co n tracts to civil en g in eerin g o r h igh w ay con structio n firm s. T h ese include road ex p an sio n , n e w ro ad co n structio n , ro ad rep airs an d reh ab ilitatio n , drainage im p ro vem en t, in stallatio n o f traffic lig h ts and th e in tro d u ctio n o f localized traffic m an ag e m en t m e asu re s an d so o n . S u ffice it to s a y th a t d irect lab o u r is often u sed in ro ad rehabilitation . In th e process, p o th o les an d ruts a rc filled, and d am aged ro ad s are resealed and o v erlaid w ith bitum en a t a relatively ch e ap co st than th e ro ad s o v erlaid w ith a sp h a lt. D irect lab o u r is also em p lo yed in the clearin g o f b lo c k e d d rain s an d culverts, rep airin g o f b rid g es an d d am ag e d guard rails, cu ttin g o f o vergro w n w eed s alo n g th e roads, as w e ll as in th e construction o f reta in in g w a lls, cu lverts and so on. S in c e its estab lish m en t in M arch 2 0 04 , the
1 A.L. Mabogunje, Urbanisation in Nigeria (University o f London Press, London, 1968).
; M.O. Filani, ‘Transportation” in M.O. Filani, F.O. Akintola and C.O. Ikpomkpo, editors, Ibadan Region (Rex Charles and Conncl Publications, Ibadan, 1994), p. 179-190.
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O yo S tate R o ad M ain ten an ce A g en cy (O Y ST R O M A ) h as b een p ro vid in g d irect lab o u r for ro ad reh ab ilitatio n as w e ll as related activities.
Ib ad an , esp ecially in th e la st fifty years, h a s w itn essed un p receden ted u rb an izatio n , acco m p an ied b y a rap id g ro w th o f h er p o p u latio n and spatial extent. In o rd er to c o n n e ct th e n ew er areas w ith o ld er areas, op en up n e w areas, ease traffic flo w an d reliev e traffic co n gestio n , so m e n ew roads w ere constructed. Such ro ad s in clu d e the San go -E lciyclc R o ad , D ugbe E lciyclc Road, R in g R o ad -C h allen g e, an d M o ko la O n irckc-D u gb c R oad (Jem ib ew o n R o ad ).' T h e M o k o la-O n irek e R o ad , form ally o p en ed for u se o n 1 J u ly 1977, w as co n stru cted in o rd er to ease th e traffic flo w p ro b lem o n th e hith erto h eavily co n g ested M o ko la-D u g b e R oad, w h ic h a t th at tim e w as the m ain road co n n ectin g A b co k u ta, Ijebu-O dc and L agos.
In 1977, w o rk also started o n so m e ro ad s earm arked for d u alization.
T h ese in clu d ed th e U n iversity o f Ib ad an -O rita M efa R oad, O rita M cfa-A dcoyo- B crc R o ad an d th e S o u th W est R in g Road. A p art from each ro ad h a v in g d u al carriag ew ays o f fo u r lan es in all, th e co n tracts for th e con structio n o f these ro ad s w ere aw ard ed to M essrs. S trab ag an d C o , S o ld B o n d , an d M essrs T ilb u ry C o n tractin g L td, resp ectively.* 4 A ll th ese con structio n w o rks added to th e length o f ro ad s in Ib ad an . A fter 2010, so m e ro ad s in Ibadan h av e b een expanded an d / o r dualized. T h ey include O jo o -San go -M o ko la R o ad , D ugbe- M o lete R oad, C h allen g e-O ld L ago s-Ib ad an T o ll G ate R o ad , C h allen g e O rita-C h allcn gc N ew G arage R oad, D u g b e-E leiyele R o ad an d D u g b c-Jcrich o -O n ireke-Sab o Road.
T h e N 2.1 b illio n M o k o la flyover w as b u ilt in o rd e r to red u ce traffic co ngestion in an d aro u n d M o k o la . E ffo rts a re also b e in g m ad e to co n stru ct a 110km Ibadan circu lar road.
' L.S. Popoola, “Urban Road Provision and Maintenance. A Case Study o f Ibadan”. An unpublished M.Sc. dissertation submitted to the Centre for Transport Studies, Ogun State University, A go Iwoye, 1995.
4 Ministry o f Local Government and Information, Oyo State in Action: Days of Expansion (A Collection o f Important Speeches M ade in the Second Y ear by Brig.
D.M. Jem ibew on, April 1977- March 1978. Information Division, M inistry o f Local Government and Information, Ibadan, 1978.
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A d iio ji AdtiOKja.■ Transport tu Ibadan J 2 1
T h e len g th o f roads in Ib ad an , w h ich sto o d a t 171.1 k m in 1979, in creased to 4 2 2 .2 1 k m in 1994. O u t o f th e 171.1km o f ro ad s in th e fo rm er Ibadan M unicipal L o cal G o vernm ent (IM G ) in 1971, th e federal g o v e rn m en t co n tro lled 5 .6 k m , w h ile O yo State an d th e IM G co n tro lled 9 7 .6 k m an d 67.9km o f roads, resp ectively.5 O u t o f th e 4 2 2.2 k m o f ro ad s in Ibadan in 1994, th e federal g o v e rn m en t co n tro lled 7 0 km , w h ile th e sta te an d th e lo c a l g o vern m en ts that co n stitu te u rb an Ibadan co n tro lled 128.6km an d 223.6 1 km , resp ectively. A b reak d o w n o f th e length o f ro ad s u n d er th e co n tro l o f th e lo c a l go vern m en ts is sh o w n in tab le 18.
Table 6 .1 L e n g t h o f r o a d s u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s in I b a d a n C i t y ( 1 9 9 4 )
I .o c a l G o v e r n m e n t R o a d L e n g t h ( K m )
I b a d a n N o r t h 9 7 .1
I b a d a n N o r t h W e s t 2 2 .5
I b a d a n N o r t h E a s t 2 7 .5
I b a d a n S o u t h E a s t 5 9 .6
I b a d a n S o u t h W e s t 1 6 .9 1
S o trm : P o p o o l a , L . S ., U r b a n R o a d P r o v is io n a n d M a in t e n a n c e : A C a s e S t u d y o f I b a d a n . U n p u b lis h e d D is s e r t a t io n S u b m i t t e d t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o g r a p h y a n d R e g i o n a l P la n n in g , O g u n S t a t e U n iv e r s it y . A g o - I w o y e , 1 9 9 5 , p .8 6 .
Oyo State o f Nigeria, Statistical Abstract, Statistical Division, M inistry o f Economic Planning, Ibadan, 1979.
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Sourer. Oyo State Ministry of Works & Transport, Ibadan, 2000.
In o rd e r to illu m in ate, in crease sec u rity an d red u ce n ig h ttim e accidents and crim e on th e roads, stre e t lights resu rfaced alo n g so m e m a jo r ro ad s in Ibadan in 1975, b u t b ecam e n o n -fun ctio n al after about tw o to three years.6 It w as not u n til 1985, after th e co m m issio n in g o f th e street lig h ts o n Q ueen E lizabeth
6 M Olorodc, “Street Lights Brighten Ibadan” (The Punch, 18 September, 1985), p.10.
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Aduoji Adssanya: Transport in Ibadan 123 R oad, U n iversity o f Ibadan—S tate S ecretaria t R oad, M ap o -B crc-A d eo yo Road, an d T o ta l G ard en -G ate R o ad , th at fu n ctio n al streed ig h ts, o n ce ag ain , adorned so m e ro ad s in Ibadan. O th er places w h ere streetligh ts h av e been installed in clu d e th e R in g R oad, S tate Secretariat-G overnm ent H ouse (A godi) an d Sango- Ibadan P o lytech n ic R oad. G ate-Iw o R o ad an d M ap o -M o letc R o ad have p ro v isio n s fo r streed ig h ts. T h re e resid en tial co m m u n ities in Ibadan, nam ely, A g u g u, Y em ctu an d M o ko la h av e had streetligh ts in stalled an d th e ir roads reh ab ilitated am o n g o th e r th in g s, through th e W o rld B ank-supp orted C o m m un ity Im p ro vem en t P ro gram m e, in itiated in 1988. M a n y o f th e recendy co m p leted p rim ary d istributor ro ad s, in clu d in g O yo -D u g b c, E lciyclc-D ugbc, M o letc-D u gb c, am o n g o th ers, h av e streedights.
T h e se traffic lights w e re a lso lo cated a t im portant jun ctio n s, including M o ko la ro u n d ab o u t, A d am asin g b a S ta d iu m -O k c P ad re ju n c tio n , D u g b e - A lesin lo yc ju n ctio n , J . A lle n ju n ctio n , O yo ro a d -P rc m ie r H o tel junction and P arliam en t R o a d -P re m ie r H otel R o ad jun ctio n . In th e last fiv e to ten years, m o re traffic lig h ts (esp ecially tim e a c tu a te d traffic lights) h av e b een installed alo n g m ajo r ro ad in tersectio n s such as C h allen g e ro u n d ab o u t. T o tal G ard cn / O rita M cfa ju n ctio n and P arliam en t R o ad -M o b il junction.
D esp ite th e av ailab ility o f stree d ig h ts o n m o st o f th e ro ad s in th e Ibadan m etro p o litan area, th ey arc still not ad e q u a te ly m ain tain ed o r p u t o n a t n igh t (due p ard y to erratic p o w e r su p p ly), d e a d bulbs th at arc h ard ly rep laced , and d am ag e d o r b ro k en lam p p o sts th at arc n o t rep aired p ro m p dy.
A o n e-w ay traffic sch e m e w a s in tro duced to ease th e h eavy traffic co n gestio n w itn essed in m ajo r roads like N e w C o u rt R oad, L eb an o n Street, B an k R o ad , Salvatio n A rm y R o ad an d so on. In th e e a rly 1980s, grade sep aratio n th ro ugh the u se o v erh ead b rid ges, flyovers an d in terch an ges has been ap p lied a t th e O yo State S ecretariat, M o lete, and b etw een th e Ibadan en d o f the L ago s-Ib ad an E x p ressw ay an d O joo.
T h e O g u n p a cen tral m o to r p ark an d M olete m o to r p ark h ad to b e shut d o w n in th e la te 1970s b ec au se o f th e traffic chaos arisin g fro m th e co n vergen ce and d isp ersal o f v eh icles from th ese m o to r parks. F o llo w in g th is actio n , new m o to r parks em erged for in ter-u rb an jo u rn eys. T h e y in clu d e th e A go d i m o to r park for cast and n o rth east b o u n d v eh icles from Ib ad an , S an g o m o to r park for n o rth b o u n d v eh icles, an d the A b eo k u ta ro ad (O w ode) m o to r park fo r south b o u n d v eh icles. S in ce th e e a rly 1980s, o th e r d esig n ated m o to r parks have
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124 The City Slate o f Ibadan: Texts & Contexts
em erged a t P o d o o r N e w G arage a re a (fo r so u th an d ca st b o u n d v eh icles), Iwo R o ad m o to r park (fo r L ago s b o u n d v eh icles) and O jo o m o to r p ark (fo r north b o u n d v eh icles). A n o th er w ell-p lan n ed interstate m o to r park w as o p en ed in 2013 (near W cm a H ank, alo n g N ew Ifc R o ad). H o w ever, th e re arc still n um ero us m o to r p ark s d esig n ated an d illegal, scattered a ll o v e r th e city for in tra
urb an journeys.
In sp ite o f th e sign ifican ce o f th e ro ad netw ork in the m o vem en t o f p eo p le an d g o o d s in Ibadan city, m an y m u n icip al o r to w n sh ip ro ad s have d eterio rated rap id ly o v e r th e years. T h e p rim e cu lp rit is th e p o o r road m ain ten an ce cu ltu re o f th e lo cal g o vern m en ts. In ad d itio n , funds for ro ad w orks arc usually in ad eq u ate, released v e ry late and m isap p ro p riated . M o st m ajo r roads in Ibadan d o not h av e adequate m arkin gs, w h ile th e few e x istin g road sign s have been o b literated th ro ugh w ilfu l o r accid en tal d am age and th e lo n g-term im pact o f th e w e ath e r. It w as w h en Ibadan w as selected in 1995 as o n e o f th e ven u es o f th e J u nior W o rld S o ccer C h am p io n sh ip in 1999 th at ro ad signs, sh o w in g only th e direction o f ro u tes (direction sign s), ap p e ared alo n g p rim ary ro u tes in the city. S in c e th en , effo rts have b een in ten sified b y su ccessive g o vern m en ts to p ro vid e ro ad signs an d ad equately m ark m ajo r ro ad s in Ibadan. In ad d itio n , the O yo S tate R oad T raffic M an ag em en t A u th o rity (O Y R T M A ) w a s created in 2010 in o rd er to assist in traffic co n tro l and m an agem en t.
Road-based public transport
F or a c ity lik e Ib ad an , w h ere a larg e n u m b e r o f people d o n o t o w n c a rs o r o th er form s o f p riv a te tran sp o rt such as b icycles an d m o to rcycles, th e ro le o f public tran sp o rt can n o t be o verem p h asized . T h e m o d es o f p ublic tran sp o rt in Ibadan in clud e taxis, m in ib uses (co m m o n ly called da/tfo), fare p ay in g p assen ger carrying p rivate cars (also k n o w n as kabukabu) co m m ercial m o to rcycles (okada), tricycles an d , m o re rcccn d y, m ass tran sit buses.
'H ie h isto ry o f ro ad -b ased p u b lic tran sp o rt could b e traced b ack to 1934, w h en taxi services w e re in tro duced b y so m e in d ividuals. B y 1938, B cere T ran sp o rt an d E n gin eerin g C o m p an y sta rted run n in g a p assen ger b u s service b etw een D ugbc an d A godi. T h is effo rt w as co m p lem en ted b y few individ uals, u n til th e N ativ e A u th o rity estab lish ed th e Ibadan B us Serv ice lim it e d in 1947.
B y 1963, th e Ibadan C ity C o u n cil estab lish ed th e Ibadan J o in t T ran sp o rt B o ard
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
Adtsojt Adtsanja: Trauport in Ibadan 12 5 so as to p ro vid e m ass transportation. F ew p riv a te en trep ren eu rs lik e A k ijo b i, O rio lo w o an d O d u k ale p ro vided p u b lic transport services in th e m id-1960s, un til th e ir b u sin ess collapsed.
In th e last th irty years, th e p ublic tran sp o rt m ark et situ atio n h a s ch an ged co n sid erab ly. T h e rapidly g ro w in g po p ulatio n o f Ibadan (fro m 627,379 in 1963 to 2,55 0 ,59 3 in 2006, an d an estim ated p o p ulatio n o f m o re than 3 m illio n in 2 0 14 ), as w e ll as its sp atial ex p an sio n w ill n ecessarily im p ly that th e d em an d for p u b lic tran sp o rt services has b eco m e q u ite huge, p ard cu larly in resp ect o f the p u b lic tran sp o rt u sers. O ver th e years, the in stab ility in th e e c o n o m ic situation o f N ig eria an d th e m ism an agem en t o f p u b lic o w n ed bus u n d ertakin g s in Ibadan also to o k th e ir toll. F or in stan ce, th e Ibadan J o in t T ran sp o rt B o ard co llap sed in O cto b er 1976, w hen it w as d isso lved d u e larg e ly to m ism an agem en t, w hich co n trib uted to the d ep ictio n o f th e co m p an y’s b u s fleet fro m ab o u t 75 buses in 1967 to o n ly 4 o p eratio n al buses in 1976.8,’,,'°
A c c o rd in g to 0 1 a d o ja ,1!the p o p u latio n o f taxi c a b s in Ibadan also dipped from 5 ,10 0 in 1976 d u rin g th e oil b o o m to 3 ,90 0 in 1982. T h e re w as a further
O.O. Labiyi, “Public Transport Provisions in Urban Centres: A n Examination of Paratransit M odels in Ibadan”. Unpublished M aster o f Urban and Regional Planning Dissertation submitted to the Centre for Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, 1985.
' K. Adeniji, “Nigerian Municipal Bus Operations” Transportations Quarterly 1983; 37(1):
135-143.
' J.I. Oloketuyi, “The Role o f Route Associations in the Provision o f Urban Public Transport Services: A Case study o f Taxi Cab Route Associations in Ibadan", Unpublished M.Sc. Transportation Studies dissertation submitted to the Centre for Transport Studies, Ogun State University, A go Iwoye, 1998.
B.O. Oladejo, “An Appraisal o f Public Transportation in Ibadan”, Unpublished HND Dissertation submitted to the T ow n Planning D epartm ent, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, 1981.
" A. O ladoja, “Urban Transportation in Rapidly G rowing Cities: A C ase Study of Ibadan”, Unpublished M aster o f Urban and Regional Planning Dissertation submitted to the Department o f Geography, University o f Ibadan, 1983.
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i 26 The Q'ty State o f Ibadan: Texts & Contexts
d ro p in th e n u m b e r o f taxis to 1380 in 19 8 5 s2 and 1,196 in 1991.12 13 F o r som e in ex p licab le reaso n s, th e adapted, large cap acity m olue buses also disap p eared from their intra-urban ro u tes, (th at is, D u g b e -A p a ta an d B erc-O vo State Secretariat) in th e early 1980s.14 15 16 A cco rd in g to S alam i,13 th e m o lu e o p erato rs, w h o registered u n der th e trad e n am e o f T o w n S erv ice T ran sp o rt an d T rad in g A sso c iatio n , had a list o f 30 b u ses on their register, w ith o n ly 7 b u ses still in operatio n as o f Ja n u a ry 1991. H ow ever, th e p o p ulatio n o f m in ib uses (danfo as th ey are p o p ularly know n) ro se from 486 in 1976 to 3,215 in 1982. W ith o u t any statistics to actu ally p ro ve it, th e situ atio n in m o st parts o f N igeria sh o w ed that n o ap p reciab le in crease w o u ld h a v e been reco rd ed in th e p o p u latio n o f danfo or m in ib u ses in Ibadan b etw een th e m id -1980s an d la te -1990s. T h e se p erio d s w ere ch aracterized b y deep crisis in N ig eria. N everth eless, sin ce th e la te 19 9 0 s, w hen N igeria sta rted w itn e ssin g cau tio u s eco n o m ic reco v ery, th e re a rc sign s o f steady reco very in the n u m b e r o f m in ib u ses p ly in g th e ro ad s in Ibadan. In addition, sin ce 2 0 10 , Ibadan has w itn essed an u n p reced en ted increase in th e n u m b e r o f m inicabs (m ain ly N issan M icra) p ro vid in g public tran sp o rt services. O fficials o f th e N atio n al U nion o f R oad T ran sp o rt W o rkers (N U R T W ) c u rren d y estim ate th e n u m b e r o f th e se m in icab s to b e b etw een 2 ,80 0 to 3,000.
'H ie eco n o m ic recession an d th e su b seq u en t in tro d u ctio n o f th e structural ad ju stm en t p ro gram m e (SA P) in 1986 further affected the p u b lic transport m arket, n o t o n ly in Ibadan, b u t th ro u g h o u t N igeria. N o t o n ly did th e u n it prices o f v irtu a lly a ll categ o ries o f v eh icles an d th e ir spare parts rise astro n o m ically, v eh icle o p eratin g an d m ain ten an ce costs b ecam e v e ry p ro h ib itiv e .1' 17
12 Olokctuyi, 1998.
1J O . Salami, “Problems and Prospects o f Intra Urban R ail Services in Ibadan M etropolis", Unpublished M aster o f Urban and Regional Planning Dissertation submitted to the Center for Urban and Regional Planning, University o f Ibadan, 1994.
14 Labiyi, 1985.
15 Salami, 1994.
16 W orld Bank, Nigeria Urban Transport in Crisis, The W orld Bank, Washington, D.C., 1991.
,7A.O. Adesanya, “Financing Public Transport Services: T he Experience o f Nigeria”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department o f C ity and Regional Planning,
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
A d tn ji A itU K ja: Transport in Ibadan ] 27 C o n seq u en tly, private secto r o p erato rs o f taxi an d m in ib us serv ices, w ho d o m in ated th e Ibadan p u b lic transport m arket, w e re o p eratin g w ith lo w profit m arg in s an d co u ld h ard ly m ain tain , le t alone ex p an d , their fleet, in o rd er to m eet th e e v e r risin g d em an d for p ublic tran sp o rt. In o rd e r to p artly cush io n the n eg ativ e e ffe ct o f th e S A P on th e m o b ility o f the p eo p le, esp e cially th e urban poor, a n atio n w id e urb an m ass tran sit p ro gram m e w as in tro duced in 1988. T his p ro gram m e culm in ated in to th e estab lish m en t o f th e T ran s C ity T ran sp o rt C o m p a n y (T C T Q by th e O y o State governm ent.
T h e T C T C form ally cam e o n stream o n 9 J u ly 1988, w h en it w as lau n ch ed , an d started run n in g its b u s services on 11 J u ly 1988 w ith so m e M erced es B enz (0365) b u s e s .'8 It needs to be ackn o w led ged that, p rio r to the estab lish m en t o f th e T C T C , th e O yo S tate go vern m en t h ad ea rlier en tered into d iscu ssio n w ith R en au lt C o m p an y o f F ran ce in J u ly 1987, w ith th e in ten tio n o f settin g u p a jo in t v en tu re co m p an y an d seekin g assistan ce for th e p rovision o f buses and tech n ical k n o w -h o w .'0 A t its in cep tio n , it w as p rim arily providing intra c ity bus serv ices, un til th e early 1990s, w hen m o st o f th e in tra city routes w e re ab an d o n ed for th e m o re lu crative interstate se n d e e s (esp ecially b etw een O yo S tate and L ago s State). T h e fortunes o f th e T C T C d eclin ed so p recipitously in th e m id -1990s up till th e en d o f th e last cen tury, such th at th e d aily v eh icle availab ility w as v e ry lo w , an d th e o p eratio n al buses w e re less than 30 p er cent o f th e to tal fleet. In fact, th e n um b er o f intra urb an b u s ro u tes b e in g p lied by th e T C T C in Ib ad an , w h ich had earlier in creased from 15 in 1988 to 3 0 in 1990 had d ro p p ed to ju st 3 by A p ril 1992.20
In d eed , effo rts w e re m ad e to turn aro u n d the fortunes o f T C T C . T h e bus co m p an y co n tin ued to o p erate d u rin g th e successive civilian regim es, starting * 1
University o f Wales College o f Cardiff, 1994.
1 L.B. Babalola, “ Urban Mass Transit Provision: A Case Study o f Trans C ity Transport Company”, Unpublished M.Sc. Transportation Studies Dissertation submitted to the Department o f Geography and Planning, Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoyc, 1994.
0 L.F. Busari, “Urban Mass Transit Program m e in Nigeria”, Paper presented at the First Anniversary W orkshop on Performance Appraisal o f the National Urban Mass Transit Programme, Organized by the Nigerian Institute o f Social and Economic Research (NISER), Ibadan, Held a t NISER Conference Road, August 14-16, 1989.
20 A.O. Adesanya, 1994.