Alarcón, LD. 2005. Evaluación de la composición de murciélagos Phyllostómidos (orden chiroptera) en un agropaisaje húmedo tropical, Costa Rica: el papel de la cobertura arbórea y de la estructura del paisaje. Tesis Mag. Sc., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Costa Rica. Heredia, CR. 94 p.
Bender, DJ.; Fahrig, L. 2005. Matrix structure obscure the relationship between interpatch movement and patch size and isolation. Ecology, 86(4): 1023-1033.
Bennett, A. 2004. Enlazando el paisaje: el papel de corredores y la conectividad en la conservación de la vida silvestre. Trad. JM Blanch. San José, CR. UICN. 1278 p. Cárdenas, G.; Harvey, C.; Ibrahim, M.; Finegan, B. 2004. Diversidad y riqueza de aves en
diferentes hábitats en un paisaje fragmentado en Cañas, Costa Rica. Agroforestería en las Américas 10:78-85.
Cockburn, A. 1991. An introduction to evolutionary ecology. Blackwell Scientific. Publications. Oxford. 370 p.
Daily, GC.; Ehrlich, PR.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, GA. 2001. Countryside biogeography: use of human-dominated habitats by the Avifauna of Southern Costa Rica. Ecological applications, 11(1):1-13.
De Vries, PJ. 1987. The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Princeton, US, Princeton University Press. 327 p.
Enríquez, ML. s.f. Impacto de la cobertura arbórea sobre las comunidades de aves en un agropaisaje del Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. Tesis Mag. Sc. Heredia, CR. 132 p. Estrada, A.; Coates-Estrada, R.; Meritt Jr, R. 1993. Bat species richness and abundance in
tropical rain forest fragments and in agricultural habitats at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Ecography 16(4): 309–318.
Estrada, A.; Coates-Estrada, R. 1997. Anthropogenic landscape changes and avian diversity at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation 6:19-43.
Estrada, A.; Coates-Estrada, R. 2002. Bats in continuous forest, forest fragments, and in an agricultural mosaic habitat-island at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological Conservation
103: 237–245.
Fahrig, L.; Merriam, G. 1994. Conservation of fragmented populations. Conservation Biology
8 (1): 50-59.
Farina, A. 2006. Principles and methods in landscape ecology: towards a science of landscape. Springer, Italy. 212 p.
Forman, RT.; Godron, M. 1981. Patches and structural components for landscape ecology. BioScience 31 (10): 733-740.
Forman, RT.; Godron, M. 1986. Landscape ecology. Wiley and Sons. New York, US. 619 p. Forman, RT. 1995. Land Mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge
University Press, New York. 631 p.
Florian, E. 2005. Tropical bird assemblages in coffee agroforestry systems: exploring the relationships between landscape context, structural complexity and bird communities in the Turrialba-Jiménez Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. Tesis Mag. Sc. Turrialba, CR, CATIE. 146 p.
Gergel, SE.; Turner, MG. 2002. Landscape Ecology: A practical guide to concepts and techniques. University of Wisconsin, US. 315 p.
Gillespie TW.; Walter H. 2001. Distribution of bird species richness at a regional scale in tropical dry forest of Central America. Biogeography 28 (5): 651-662.
Gillespie, TW. 2001. Application of Extinction and Conservation Theories for Forest birds in Nicaragua. Conservation Biology 15:699-709.
Greenberg, JD.; Gergel, SE.; Turner, MG. 2002. Understanding Landscape Metrics II. Effects of Changes in Scale. In Gergel, SE.; Turner, MG. 2002. Landscape ecology a practical guide to concepts and techniques. US. University of Wisconsin. 315 p.
Goodwin, BJ.; Fahrig, L. 2002. Effect of landscape structure on the movement behaviour of a specialized goldenrod beetle, Trirhabda borealis. Can. J. Zool. 80: 24-35.
Gorresen, PM.;Willig, MR. 2004. Landscape responses of bats to habitat fragmentation in the Atlantic forest of Paraguay. Mammalogy 85(4): 688–697.
Gustafson, EJ. 1998. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: what is the state of the art?. Ecosistems 1(2): 143-156.
Hanski, I. 1994. Patch-occupancy dynamics in fragmented landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 131-135.
Hanski, I.; Gilpin, ME. 1997. Metapopulation biology: Ecology, genetics and evolution. Academic Press, London, UK. 696 p.
Harvey, C.; Medina, A.; Sánchez, D.; Vilchez, S.; Hernández, B.; Saénz, JC.; Maes, JM.; Casanoves, F.; Sinclair, FL. 2006. Patterns of animal diversity associated with different forms of tree cover retained in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Applications 16:1986-1999.
Harvey, CA.; Alpízar, A.; Chacón, M.; Madrigal, M. 2005a. Assessing Linkages between Agriculture and Biodiversity in Central America: Historical Overview and Future Perspectives. Mesoamerican & Caribbean Region, Conservation Science Program. The Nature Conservancy (TNC), San José, Costa Rica.
Harvey, CA.; Villanueva, C.; Villacís, J.; Chacón. M.; Muñoz, D.; López, M.; Ibrahim, M.; Taylor, R.; Martínez, JL.; Navas, A.; Sáenz, J.; Sánchez, D.; Medina, A.; Vilchez, S.; Hernández, B.; Pérez, A.; Ruiz, A.; López, F.; Lang, I.; Kunth, L.; Sinclair, FL. 2005b. Contribution of live fences to the ecological integrity of agricultural landscapes in Central America. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 111: 200-230.
Hernández, B.; Maes, JM.; Harvey, C.; Vilchez, S.; Medina, A.; Sánchez, D. 2003. Abundancia y diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos y mariposas diurnas en un paisaje ganadero en el departamento de Rivas, Nicaragua. Agroforestería en las Américas 10 (39-40): 93-102.
Hughes, JB.; Daily, GC.; Ehrlich, PR. 2002. Conservation of tropical forest birds in countryside habitats. Ecology Letters 5:121-129.
Instituto Nacional Forestal (INAFOR). Frontera agrícola. Dirección de Fomento Forestal- INAFOR. Managua, NI. 15 p.
Instituto Nicaragüense de Fomento Municipal (INIFOM). 2001. Caracterizaciones Municipales. PNUD. Managua, NI. www.inifom.gob.ni
Jaberg, C.; Guisan, A. 2001. Modelling the distribution of bats in relation to landscape structure in a temperate mountain environment. Ecology, 38: 1169-1181.
Kattan, GH. 2002. Fragmentación: patrones y mecanismos de extinción de especies. In: Guariguata, MR.; Kattan, GH (eds). Ecología y conservación de Bosques Neotropicales. EULAC/GTZ. Primera edición. Ediciones LUR. Cartago, CR. 561 – 590 p.
McArthur, RH.; Wilson, EO. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA.
McIntyre, S.; Hobbs, R. 1999. A Framework for Conceptualizing Human Effects on Landscapes and Its Relevance to Management and Research Models. Conservation Biology 13 (6), 1282–1292.
Medina, A.; Harvey, C.; Sánchez, D.; Vilchez, S.; Hernández, B. 2007. Bat Diversity and Movement in an Agricultural Landscape in Matiguás, Nicaragua. Biotropica 39(1): 120–128.
Mennechez, G.; Schtickzelle, N.; Baguette, M. 2003. Metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly: comparison of demographic parameters and dispersal between a continuous and a highly fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecology 18: 279–291. Meyer, CF.; Weinbeer, M.; Kalko, EK. 2005. Home-range size and spacing patterns of
Montero, J. 2003. Influencia de las variables espaciales y del hábitat sobre una comunidad de murciélagos (chiroptera) en remanentes boscosos en Cañas, Costa Rica. Tesis Mag. Sc., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Costa Rica. Heredia, CR. 92 p.
Petit, S.; Usher, MB. 1998. Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: the ground beetle communities of woody uncultivated habitats. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7: 1549- 1561.
Ramos, FA. 2000. Nymphalid butterfly communities in an Amazonian forest Fragment. Journal of research on the Lepidoptera 35: 39-46.
Saad, VA.; Petit, DR. 1992. Impact of pasture development on winter bird communities in Belize, Central America. The Condor 94:66-71.
Saura, S. 2004. Effects of remote sensor spatial resolution and data aggregation on selected fragmentation indices. Landscape Ecology 19 (2): 197-209.
Schiffler, G. 2003. The influence of the structure and heterogeneity of habitat under the richness of Scarabaeidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in forest fragments. Lavras: Tesis Mag. Sc.. University Federal de Lavras. 87 p.
Schulze, CH.; Waltert, M.; Kessler, M.; Pitopang, R.; Shahabuddin, D.; Veddeler, M.; Mühlenberg, SR.; Gradstein, C.; Leuschner, I.; Steffan-Dewenter.; Tscharntke, T. 2004. Biodiversity indicator group of tropical land-use systems: comparing plants, birds, and insects. Ecological Applications 14:1321-1333.
Scott, FP.; Manuwal, DA. 2001. Breeding bird response to riparian buffer width in managed Pacific Northwest Douglas-Fir Forests. Ecological Applications 11(3): 840–853.
Steffan-Dewenter, I. 2002. Importante of habitat area and landscape context for species richness of bees and wasps in fragmented orchard meadows. Conservation Biology 17 (4): 1036-1044.
Tischendorf, L.; Fahrig, L. 2000. On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos 90:7-19.
Tobar, DE. 2004. Efecto del hábitat sobre la comunidad de mariposas diurnas en un paisaje fragmentado del norte de Costa Rica. Tesis Mag. Sc. Turrialba, CR, CATIE. 87 p. Turner, MG.; Dale, VH.; Gardner, RH. 1989. Predicting across scales: Theory development
and testing, Landscape Ecology, Vol. 3: 245-252.
Turner, MG. 2000. Spatial and temporal analysis of landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology l (4): 21-30.
Turner, MG.; Gardner, RH.; Oneill, RV. 2001. Landscape ecology in theory and practice: pattern and process. University Wisconsin, US. 400 p.
Van Dorp, D.; Opdam, PFM. 1987. Effects of patch size, isolation and regional abundance on forest bird communities. Landscape Ecology 1:59–73.
Vílchez, S.; Harvey, C.; Sánchez, D.; Medina, A.; Hernández, B.; Taylor, R. 2007. Diversidad y composición de aves en un agropaisaje de Nicaragua. In: Harvey, C.; Sáenz, JC (eds). Evaluación y conservación de la biodiversidad en paisajes fragmentados de Mesoamérica. INBio. Heredia, CR. 570-600 p.
Wallis DeVries, ME. 2004. A quantitative conservation approach for the endangered butterfly Maculinea alcon. Conservation Biology 18 (2): 489-499.